一、英语句子概说

•句子是表达一个完整思想的基本语言单位。

•它由单词按照一定的语法规律构成。

•一般地说，它必须包含两个部分:

叙述的主体----句子的主语 关于主体所叙述的事情----句子的谓语。

句子的种类

按权威专家的观点，英语句子可从两种标准划分。一是按句子结构；二是依照叙述方式划分。按照结构区分，英语句子可分为三类：

简单句（Simple Sentences）

并列句（Compound Sentences）

复合句（Complex Sentences)

简单句（Simple Sentences)

•只包含一个主谓结构

Mary opened the door.

•有时主语和谓语可能是并列结构，分别叫并列主语和并列谓语

Jane and Peter got lost in the woods.(并列主语）

I opened the magazine and began to read it quietly.（并列谓语）

并列句 (Compound Sentences)

•把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，则成为一个并列句。

He drank beer, and it made him fat.

He speaks French, or perhaps he understands it.

I waited but he never turned up.

We rarely stay in hotels, for we can’t afford it.

复合句（Complex Sentences)

•由主句+从句构成，主句与从句由关系词连接起来。

•主句与从句之间的关系就是，从句是主句的成分，从句可能是主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语或者状语。

•因此从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。

Do you see what I mean?（宾语由从句担任）

Come again when you're free.（状语由从句担任）

The boy who is wearing a blue jacket is my brother.（定语由从句担任）

My idea is that we should help him.（表语由从句担任）

That prices will go up is certain. （主语由从句担任）

句子按叙述的方式可分为下面四种类型：

•陈述句: I like music.

•疑问句: Where do you live?

•感叹句: How fast they are running!

•祈使句: Don't drink and drive.

二、句子成分分析

在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。

汉语：现代汉语里一般的句子成分有八种，即主语、谓语、宾语、动语，定语、状语，补语和中心语。

英语：主语（Subject）、谓语（Predicate）、宾语（Object）、表语（Predicative）、定语（Attribute）、状语（Adverbial)、宾语补足语（complement）和同位语（appositive）八种。

主语(The Subject)是全句谈论的中心话题

1. Mr. Chen is a well-known scientist.

2. He works very hard at school.

3. To go to a good university is his first goal.

4. Doing morning exercise is good for your health.

5.What she saw made her a little frightened.

•动词不能充当句子的主语!!!!

谓语(The Predicate)

•谓语回答主语做什么，怎么了，位于主语后，谓语动词包括不及物动词、及物动词和系动词。

•谓语必须由动词构成，有时只包含一个动词，有时候可包含几个词（如情态动词+动词，助动词+动词），并且有时态和语态的变化。

1. We love China.

2. She runs fast.

3. He can speak English.

4. She looks tired.

5.We have finished reading this book.

6.The game has been cancelled.

切记：

•句子不能没有谓语！！！

•谓语必须由动词构成！！

•非谓语动词如不定式，现在分词，过去分词不能充当谓语。

宾语(The Object)

宾语是动作的对象,目标;位于及物动词之后。

1. She is doing her homework now.

2. We love watching football games.

3.We managed to put the fire out.

4.I don't understand what you mean.

•宾语可以分为直接宾语、间接宾语和复合宾语。

•直接宾语是动作直接指向的对象，间接宾语表示动作是向某人或为某人做的。

He brings me cookies every day.

She bought him a new tie.

•间宾通常为人，直宾通常为物。

•复合宾语由宾语+宾语补足语构成。

•宾语和宾语补足语之间是一种逻辑上的主谓关系。若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。

The sun keeps us warm.

I heard him singing.

I asked him to come back soon.

You must get your hair cut.

They made Tom monitor.

表语(The Predicative)

•表语主要用以说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等，位于系动词之后，与系动词一起构成系表结构。

系动词(Link-verbs)有:

1.表示特征和存在状态的: be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound;

2.表示状态延续的: remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;

3.表示状态变化的: become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;

The boy is Tom.

The dish smells good.

Is Helen in?

The workers were on strike.

My aunt’s hobby is growing roses.

Your job is to take care of the baby.

My opinion is that the plan won’t work.

•表语不能由动词充当!!!!

My job is repair cars. (×）

My job is repairing cars. (√)

定语(The Attribute)

•定语用来说明名词的性质特点，分为前置定语和后置定语。

1. The black bike is mine.

2. She is a chemistry teacher.

3. Help yourself to some fish.

4. There are twenty students in our class.

5. The man in blue is my brother.

6. The girl playing the piano is my younger sister.

7. The lady who is wearing red dress is our new teacher.

状语 （The Adverbial）

•状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、 副词或句子的句子成分，表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式、范围和程度等。副词的主要功能就是在句中做状语。

1. We often help him.

2. Don't drive so fast.

3. You're entirely wrong.

4. He behaved extremely badly.

5. Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.

6. When I grow up, I want to be a doctor.

7. We live in Hangzhou.

•此外，还有同位语，插入语和呼语。

Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.

He told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor.

Some animals only half-hibernate, that is to say, their sleep is not such a deep one.

Sit down, Mary!　

三、英语五种基本句型

基本句型一：Ｓ+Ｖ （主＋谓）

基本句型二：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｐ （主＋系＋表）

基本句型三：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）

基本句型四：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ+Ｏ （主＋谓＋双宾）

基本句型五：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ+Ｃ（主＋谓＋宾＋补）

•完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成份，至多4个。

•主语和谓语是句子必不可少的成分。祈使句中常省略主语。

基本句型一:Ｓ+Ｖ（主＋谓）

•此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思，这类动词叫做不及物动词（Intransitive Verbs, 缩写为Vi.), 后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。

Time flies!

The red sun rises in the east.

The holiday passed too quickly.

They talked for half an hour.

He was sleeping when I came back.

特别注意：这种句型常可以用来表达被动的意思。

The pen writes smoothly.

These apples sell well.

This kind of cloth washes easily.

Cheese cuts easily.

She photographs well.

The vegetables are cooking.

基本句型二: Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ（主＋谓＋宾）

★此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，

都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必

须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完

整。这类动词叫做及物动词（Transitive Verbs, Vt.)。

1. Tom made a hole in the wall.

2. They haven’t decided where to go next.

3. She stopped teaching English two years ago.

4. Mother promises to give me a present.

基本句型三：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｐ（主＋系＋表）

本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成，主要用以说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。

Silk feels soft and smooth.

It sounds a good idea.

He stayed single.

The door remained closed.

His cold was growing worse.

注意：

1.系动词不可以单独构成谓语，必须与表语一起使用。

2.就形容词和副词而言，表语应该由形容词构成，不能用其副词形式。

The milk has gone bad.(√)

The milk has gone badly.(×)

She looks angry.(√)

She looks angrily.(×)

基本句型四：

S+V+O +O（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）

★此结构由“主语+及物动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）”组成。如：

He brings me cookies every day.

★但若直接宾语（事物）在前，间接宾语（人）在后，则要借助于介词to或for。如：

He brings cookies to me every day.

She made a beautiful dress for me.

★用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着、向着某人；用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。

基本句型五：

Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ+Ｃ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）

此结构由“主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。

I heard him singing.

I asked him to come back soon.

They made Tom monitor.

Note:

用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：

I found it very pleasant to be with your family.

•有些动词可以使用于不同的句型，因此在学习动词时，应掌握动词的类型。以 get 为例：

He's getting angry.

You'll get a surprise.

He got his shoes and socks wet.

He got her a splendid present.

I found the book easily. 我很容易地找到了这本书。

I found the book easy. 我觉得这本书很容易。

四、基本句型的扩展

在句中，除了主、谓、宾、补这些基本成分外，通常在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而使句子得以扩充。这些修饰语即定语和状语。

英语中再复杂的句子也都是由这些基本句型扩展而来的。

以主谓宾结构（S+V+O）为例：

He was reading a book.

He was reading an interesting book.

He was reading an interesting book written by a famous writer.

When I came back, he was reading an interesting book written by a famous writer.

以基本句型五（S+V+O+C）为例：

We found the hall full.

We found the great hall full of students and teachers.

We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.

We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the People's Daily on current affairs in East Europe.

我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听《人民日报》的一位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告