介 词

一、知识概述

介词是一种虚词，一般在句子中不重读，也不能单独充当句子成分，但与它的介词宾语一起构成介词短语，就可以在句子中作状语、定语和表语。

介词又称前置词，一般位于名词或代词的前面，表示该词与句子其他成分的关系。在学习介词时，最重要的是掌握介词的用法，动介词组的搭配，时间介词、方位介词、方向介词、位置介词、成语介词以及动向介词和静向介词的比较和区别。

二、介词的定义及句法功能

介词是一种虚词，在句中不单独作任何句子成分，只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分的关系。介词后的名词，或相当于名词的其他词组、短语或从句，称为介词宾语。介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语。介词短语在句中主要用作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。

The boy over there is my brother.（作定语）

A friend in need is a friend indeed.（作定语）

I shall meet you at the entrance of Qianmen Hotel.（作地点状语）

To their surprise, they saw not locusts, but seagulls.（作原因状语）

I’ll be in the office every afternoon.（作表语）

He isn’t at home（作表语）

The farmer made the king out of the water.（作宾语补足语）

I found everything in good order（作宾语补足语）

三、介词与其他词类的固定搭配。

介词和动词、形容词、名词等常构成固定搭配。也就是说，在这些词的后面，常常要求用一定的介词。

1、形容词与介词的固定搭配

有些形容词后面要求用固定的介词，这类介词常见的有：

about, at, for, from, in, of, to, with

（1） 形容词+about

careful abouthopeful aboutsure about

He is careless about his clothes

（2）形容词 +at

good atsurprised atangry at

（3）形容词 + for

famous forready forsorry for

I’m terrible sorry for telling him the truth.

（4）形容词 + from

different fromsafe from

He was absent from class this morning

My sister is different from me in many ways.

（5）形容词 + in

interested insuccessful in

He is interested in making model ships.

2、名词与介词的固定搭配

（1） 名词 + for

He made up an excuse for being late.

Did you find the cause for your failure?

（2） 名词 + in

He has some difficulty in translating the book

She has made great progress in English.

（3） 名词 + of

She found another way of solving the problem

He forms a bad habit of getting up late

（4） 名词 + on

There have been several attacks on foreigners recently.

Have pity on me!

（5） 名词 + with

I wanted to have a talk with you

He is always getting into trouble with the police

连 词

一、知识概述

连词是一种虚词，不能在句子中单独作句子成分，也没有句子重音，在句子中只起连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子以及从句的作用。连词分为并列连词和从属连词两种。并列连词是连接彼此并列关系的词。从属连词是用来引导从句的词。

二、并列连词

并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子。并列连词按其作用可分为表示转折、因果、选择和联合关系等四大类。

表示联合关系的连词，常见的有：and, not only……but also, as well as, both…and, neither…nor….

Written English is more or less the same in both Britain and American.

They were very surprised and I knew that I had done the right thing.

Work hard and you’ll pass the exam

=If you work hard, you’ll pass the exam.

While I was in the university, I learned both English and Japanese.

Both European and Asian speak Russia

You can’t speak both American English and British English at the same time.

Neither Tom nor you are a driver.

Neither I nor he has seen the play.

Neither of us is a teacher

You don’t like it, Neither do I .

She is beautiful as well as clever.

He is a great writer as well as a famous doctor.

三、从属连词

从属连词是用来连接各种从句的词

1、连接主语从句、表语从句与宾语从句的连词只有三个，即that, if, whether。如：

Ask her if she will come with me.

The reason is that she never wasted her time.

I don’t know whether he had passed the exam.

2、引导状语从句的从属连词

(1) 连接时间状语从句的从属连词有：since, until, after, before, when, while, as soon as, whenever.

I’ll tell you as soon as I know.

(2) 连接地点状语从句的从属连词有: where, wherever

Sit wherever you like.

I found my books where I had left them.

(3) 连接让步状语从句的从属连词有：although, though, even if, however.

Although she was tired, she kept on working.

(4) 连接原因状语从句的从属连词有：as, because, since, now that,

He was absent because he was ill.

(5) 连接目的状语从句的从属连词有：that, so that, in order that.

He raised his voice so that we could hear him.

(6) 连接条件状语从句的从属连词有：if, unless, once, in case.

You’ll miss the train unless you hurry up.

(7) 连接结果状语从句的从属连词有：so…that, such…that.

He came so late that he missed the class.

(8) 连接比较状语从句的从属连词有：as…as…, not so…as…, less(more)…than, the …the…

This is more than I can accept.

(9) 连接方式状语从句的从属连词有：as, as if

It looks as if it was going to rain.