1. Punks, Ravers, Mods and Teddy Boys. No, these aren't some hot new bands, but the names of a number of British youth subcultures(亚文化) from the last 70 years.

Youth Club, a UK not-for-profit organization, released a book earlier this year celebrating many different subcultures from throughout Britain s recent history.

"A catalyst(催化剂) for creativity on the worldwide stage, British youth culture movements from the Teddy Boys of the 1950s to the grime Scene of the 2000s continue to play a pioneering role in music, fashion and creativity across the globe," it wrote on its website.

These subcultures were traditionally a way for young people to show their personalities to others. Walking around London in the 1970s would have meant s

eeing dozens of young "punks" - people dressed in ripped denim(破洞牛仔裤), leather jackets, body piercings(穿孔) and with brightly-dyed hair—on the streets. And in the90s, “ravers” were young people who threw all-night parties in abandoned buildings or car parks.

So, what was the reason behind these subcultures?

"On both sides of the Atlantic, more and more young disappointed teenagers were looking for an escape from the boredom and constraints(约束)of society, "wrote lan Youngs, BBC entertainment reporter. "Unemployment, racial tensions and social upheaval (剧变)added fuel to their fires."

Youth subcultures have all but disappeared in the West. Some experts believe the reason for this is the instant and low-priced availability of music and clothing in the internet age.

"Fashion and music, they’re much cheaper and they’re much faster today, " Ruth Adams, a culture lecturer at Kings College London told The Guardian.

"When I was a teenager, you had to stick to one type of music or fashion, because it cost more money. Now, it' s all a bit more blurry(模糊不清的),” she said, believing that it's harder to figure out someone's personality or music tastes nowadays just by looking at them.

Despite this, Adams believes that today’s young people are still finding their own way to express themselves, but in a more modern way.

"It's certainly happening online," she said. "It's a lot easier to use personas(伪装) online just by showcasing certain types of mysterious knowledge."

4. According to the text, British youth subcultures____.

A. could be traced back to the 1970s

B. were started by Youth Club to promote creativity

C. were a way for youth to express their identities

D. had a greater impact on fashion than music

5. What contributed to the popularity of these youth subcultures?

a. Young people's desire for freedom and fun.

b. Young people's longing for fame and wealth.

c. The social pressure young people suffered.

d. The easy access to music and clothing.

A. a b

B. a c

C. b d

D. c d

6. Which of the following would Ruth Adams probably agree with?

A. Music and fashion trends develop too fast for young people to follow today.

B. Young people today are less willing to express themselves as her peers did.

C. Young people today are less interested in music and fashion than her peers used to be.

D. The internet makes it harder to figure out the personalities of young people today.

7. What's the author' s attitude toward subcultures?

A. Objective

B. Negative

C. Doubtful

D. Supportive

【答案】4. C 5. B 6. D 7. A

2. Every pet owner loves his pet. There is no argument here.

But when we asked our readers whether they would clone their beloved animals, the responses were split almost down the middle. Of the 228 readers who answered it, 108 would lone, 111 would not and nine weighed each side without offering an opinion.

Clearly, from readers’ response, this is an issue that reaches deeply into both the joy and eventual sadness of owning a pet. It speaks, as well, to people’s widely differing expectations over the developing scientific procedure.

Most of the respondents who favored the idea strongly believed it would produce at least a close copy of the original; many felt the process would actually return an exact copy. Those on the other side, however, held little hope a clone could never truly recreate a pet, many simply didn’t wish to go against the natural law of life and death.

Both sides expressed equal love for their animals. More than a few respondents owned “the t dog/cat in the World”. They thought of their pets as their “best friend”, ‘‘a member of the family,” “the light of my life.” They told moving stories of pets’ heroism, intelligence and selfless devotion.

Little wonders the loss is so disturbing---and the cloning so attractive. “People become very lose to their animals, and the loss can be just as hard to bear as when a friend or family member

dies,” says Gary Kowalski, author of Goodbye, Friend: Healing Wisdom for Anyone Who Has Ever Lost a Pet. “For me, cloning feels like an attempt to turn death away... It’s understandable. Death is always painful. It’s difficult to deal with. It’s hard to accept.”

But would cloning reduce the blow? This question seemed to be at the heart of this problem.

4. So far as the cloning of pets is concerned, a recent survey shows that, of all pet owners, ,

A. a lot more of them are for it B. a lot more of them are against it

C. very few of them are willing to tell their opinions D. about half of them are for it and the other half against it

5. While talking about the respondents from the readers, the expression “eventual sadness of owning a pet” refers to ,

A. the troubles one has to deal with in keeping a pet

B. the high cost of owning a pet

C. the death of one’s pet

D. the dangers involved in the cloning of a pet

6. From what Gary Kowalski says, we can know that he ,

A. has never thought about the problem of cloning

B. is in favor of the idea of cloning pets

C. is going to write another book on pets

D. is all against the cloning of pets

7. What is the key question at the heart of the problem of cloning pets?

A. Can cloning make the pain one suffers less when a pet dies?

B. Can pet owners afford the cost of cloning?

C. Does cloning go against the law of nature?

D. How reliably does cloning produce an exact copy of one’s pet?

【答案】4. D 5. C 6. B 7. A

【解析】6. 细节理解题，题干问的是，根据这个人说的内容，我们可以了解到，根据倒数第二段中For me, cloning feels like an attempt to turn death away... It’s understandable.可知，对我来说，克隆是可以理解的，克隆可以尝试避免死亡。A项意为：他从来没有考虑过关于克隆的麻烦问题。B项意为：他支持克隆宠物这一观点，C项意为：他要再写一本关于宠物的书，D项意为：他完全反对宠物克隆，故选B。

7. 推理判断题，题干问的是，关于克隆宠物的问题，在养宠物者内心深处最关键的问题是什么？根据最后一段would cloning reduce the blow？，可知克隆会使宠物死的时候的痛苦变小吗？ B项意为：养宠物者能够负担得起克隆的成本吗？C项意为：克隆违反自然规律吗？D项意为：克隆能够创造出一个人的宠物，有多大把握呢。故选A。

【点睛】做此类的观点态度概括题时，应应该把此人说的内容，全部阅读完，然后，根据关键词来判断，本题的关键词understandable能够理解的，表示本人对这一观点的支持。

3. Astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS) may soon be able to turn their used forks and knives into tools and satellite parts.

Tethers Unlimited Inc., an aerospace technology company, has developed a system that combines a waste recycling machine with a 3D printer.

Astronauts will put waste items made of plastic into the recycling machine, called the Poistrusion Recycler. When they press a button, the Recycler will melt down the plastic and turn it into 3D filament (长丝).

The filament will e used in a 3D printer on the ISS-called the Refabricator-to make tools, spare parts and satellite components.

The waste will come from packaging materials, food containers, trays and eating utensils (器具) used on the ISS. Astronaut currently use disposable wet wipes to clean their food containers and utensils. The used wipes are stored as trash (垃圾), and replacement wipes must be sent up to the ISS on cargo missions.

By recycling old food containers and utensils, astronauts will reduce the amount of trash they produce. To get rid of trash from the ISS, astronaut load it into empty cargo capsules (航天舱) and release it into space. The capsules burn up when they enter Earth’s atmosphere.

Turning trash into useful new items will also help NASA save money because astronauts will need fewer supplies. It costs about $ 6,000 for every kilogram launched into orbit. These benefits will be even more important for longer missions in the future-such as the two-year journey to Mars. Astronauts will be able to recycle old waste materials into new tools and parts as they need them.

Tethers have successfully tested the systems in its laboratory. They will test it on the ISS in late 2018. The company is also developing a version of the system for use here on Earth.

12. What material are the forks and knives for astronauts made of?

A. Gold. B. Iron

C. Plastic. D. Wood.

13. At present, the astronauts mainly get supplies by .

A. 3D printers B. reusing the old ones

C. collecting from the space D. the capsules launched from the earth

14. What can the new technology help the astronauts do?

A. Reuse the trash.

B. Send the trash to Mars.

C. Take the trash to the earth.

D. Load the trash into empty capsules and throw it away.

15. What is the biggest benefit of the new technology mentioned in the text?

A. It can save some space for the ISS.

B. It can gave more time for the astronauts.

C. It can provide more conditions to explore space.

D. It can help to reduce the journey from Earth to Mars.

【答案】12. C 13. D 14. D 15. C

【解析】

14. D

根据第六段中的最后To get rid of trash from the ISS, astronaut load it into empty cargo capsules (航天舱) and release it into space. The capsules burn up when they enter Earth’s atmosphere.可知，这段技术可帮助宇航员把垃圾倒进航天舱并扔掉。故选D项。

15. C

推理判断题。根据文章第六段可知这种新技术可把塑料废物回收并利用。减少了宇航员们在空间站的垃圾量。第七段可知，同时也有助于NASA节省资金，因为宇航员将需要更少的补给，让他们可进行更长久更远的宇宙旅行等。由这两处可知它可以为探索空间提供更多的条件。分析选项可知C项符合题意，故选C项。

4. Today tropical rainforests are disappearing from the face of the globe. Despite growing international concern, rainforests continue to be destroyed at a pace over 80,000 acres per day. World rainforest cover now stands at around 2.5million square miles. H

uman activities have had an effect on much of this remaining area.

Deforestation(森林滥伐) of tropical rainforests has a global effect through species extinction, th

e loss of important ecosystem services and renewable resources, and the reduction of carbon sinks. However, this destruction can be slowed, stopped, and in some cases even reversed(逆转). Most people agree that the problem must be solved, but the means are not as simple as building fences around the remaining rainforests or banning the wood trade. Economic, political, and social pressures will not allow rainforests to continue to exist if they are completely closed off from use and development.

So, what should be done? The solution must be based on what is practical, not completely idealistic and depends on developing a conservation approach built on the principle of sustainable(可持续的) use and development of rainforests. Beyond the responsible development of rainforests, efforts to restore damaged forest lands along with the establishment of protected areas are key to securing rainforests for the long-term benefits they can provide for mankind.

Historic approaches to rainforest conservation have failed, as shown by the increased rate of deforestation. In many regions, closing off forests as untouchable parks and reserves has neither improved the quality of living or economic opportunities for the rural poor, nor stopped forest clearing by illegal woodcutters and developers.

The problem with this traditional approach to preserving wildlands in developing countries is that it fails to develop proper economic motives for preserving the forest. Local people and the government itself must see financial returns to prove the costs of maintaining parks from economic activities.

8. What has caused some species extinction in the tropical rainforests?

A. Humans' destroying the trees.

B. Carbon sinks being reduced.

C. Lacking renewable resources.

D. Fences not being built around the rainforests.

9. What can be inferred from the passage?[来源:Z*xx*k.Com]

A. Tropical rainforests can be easily preserved.

B. Rainforests must be closed off to be better protected.

C. Human activities have had an effect on tropical rainforests.

D. Economic returns can make some difference in protecting tropical rainforests.

10. What is the author's attitude to tropical rainforest protection?

A. Indifferent.[来源:Zxxk.Com]

B. Concerned.

C. Doubtful.

D. Puzzled.

11. What is the purpose of the passage?

A. To show the bad effects of deforestation.

B. To stress the importance of the rainforests.

C. To appeal for right ways to save the rainforests.

D. To introduce the fact of forests disappearing.

【答案】8. A 9. D 10. B 11. C

5. It is important to protect yourself from harmful rays. But if you think a high-factor sunscreen keeps you safe from harmful rays, you may be wrong. Research in this week’s Nature shows that while factor 50 reduces the number of melanomas（黑瘤）and delays their occurrence, it can’t prevent them. Melanomas are the most aggressive skin cancers. You have a higher risk if you have red or blond hair, fair skin, blue or green eyes, or sunburn easily, or if a close relative has had one. Melanomas are more common if you have periodic intense exposure to the sun. Other skin cancers are increasingly likely with long-term exposure.

There is continuing debate as to how effective sunscreen is in reducing melanomas – the evidence is weaker than it is for preventing other types of skin cancer. A 2011 Australian study of 1,621 people found that people randomly selected to apply sunscreen daily had half the rate of melanomas of people who used cream as needed. A second study, comparing 1,167 people with melanomas to 1.101 who didn’t have the cancer, found that using sunscreen routinely, alongside other protection such as hats, long sleeves or staying in the shade, did give some protection. This study said other forms of sun protection – no sunscreen – seemed most beneficial. The study relied on people remembering what they had done over each decade of their lives, so it’s not entirely reliable. But it seems reasonable to think sunscreen gives people a false sense of security in the sun.

Many people also don’t use sunscreen properly applying insufficient amounts, failing to reapply after a couple of hours and staying in the sun too long. It is sunburn that is most worrying – recent research shows five episodes of sunburn in the teenage years increases the risk of all skin cancers.

The good news is that a combination of sunscreen and covering up can reduce melanoma rates, as shown by Australian figures from their slip-slop-slap campaign. So if there is a heat wave this summer, it would be best for us, too, to slip on a shirt, use sunscreen and slap on a hat.

8. What’s people’s common expectation of high-factor sunscreen?

A. It will protect them from sunburn.

B. It will keep their skin smooth ad fair.

C. It will work for people of any skin color.

D. It will delay the occurrence of skin cancer.

9. What can we learn from the second paragraph?

A. Sunscreen can prevent all kinds of skin cancers.

B. The studies are based on direct observation of the subjects.

C. The studies may help people select the most effective sunscreen.

D. Daily application of sunscreen helps reduce the incidence of melanomas.

10. What does the author suggest in order to reduce melanoma rates?

A. Staying in the shade whenever possible.

B. Using covering up instead of sunscreen.

C. Using both covering up and sunscreen.

D. Applying the right amount of sunscreen.

11. What is the best title for the text?

A. No Way to Stop Harmful Rays!

B. Does Sunscreen Prevent Skin Cancer?

C. Did You Use Sunscreen In the Right Way?

D. Skin Cancer-The Biggest Threat to Human Beings!

【答案】8. A 9. D 10. C 11. B

【解析】这篇文章主要讲了单纯的使用防晒霜并不能非常有效地阻止皮肤癌的发生，为了减少黑色素瘤的比率，作者建议既要使用衣帽遮盖，也要使用防晒霜。

8. 细节理解题。由第一自然段But if you think a high-factor sunscreen keeps you safe from harmful rays, you may be wrong.可知人们希望防晒霜能够保护他们免于被晒伤，选A。

6. While there are a few ways to make use of your old smartphone, one of the better ways is to convert into a dash cam (行车记录仪) that you can use on your bicycle. With the camera, you can record your rides, which is especially helpful if you are involved in a crash with another vehicle.

To use your smartphone as a dash cam on your bike, you will need to make sure it is properly secured to your bike. To do this correctly, you must take two strips of heavy-duty Velcro (a kind of cloth used as fastening) along with two pipe Clamps (管夹) and a flat corner brace (角撑) to properly attach it. You will start by attaching the comer brace to your smartphone.

Next, attach a Velcro strip to your phoned back. You will put the second strip on the end of the brace comer and cut any extra Velcro off and away from the brace. By using heavy-duty Velcro, you shouldn’t have to worry about the camera brace must be attached to the bicycle directly.

Take two pipe clamps so you can attach the part of the corner brace so the phone can be held up and used. The pipe clamps must be positioned near the center of the handlebar, which will enable you to get a better picture when videotaping.

To run a dash cam app on your old phone, you will just need to download a dash cam app onto the old phone. You will then just start the app at any time you head out on the road. There is always the chance of flaws, but you will be giving yourself a way to protect yourself in a friendly, eco-friendly manner that is much less expensive than purchasing a dash cam.

12. What is the purpose of building a dash cam on your bike?

A. To make full use of an old smartphone.

B. To record the scenery while travelling.

C. To reduce an unexpected crash on the road.

D. To avoid unnecessary arguments in an accident.

13. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A. The bike. B. The pipe clamp.

C. The smartphone. D. The flat comer brace.

14. What can we learn about a Velcro strip?

A. It will fix the camera firmly.

B. It is better to keep it as long as possible.

C. It is important for the flat comer brace.

D. It is best put in the center of the smartphone.

15. What can be inferred about the DIY dash cam from the last paragraph?

A. It is a perfect alternative to a purchased one.

B. It is beneficial to environment in some way.

C. It is a much more demanding job for the user.

D. It makes its owner friendly to other people.

【答案】12. D 13. C 14. A 15. B

【解析】15.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段特别最后一句There is always the chance of flaws, but you will be giving yourself a way to protect yourself in a friendly, eco-friendly manner that is much less expensive than purchasing a dash cam.可知充分利用旧手机是一种环保的方式。故选B。

7. That robots, automation, and software can replace people might seem obvious to anyone whos worked in automotive manufacturing. But MIT business scholars Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee’s claim is more troubling and controversial. They believe that rapid technological change has been destroying jobs faster than it is creating them.

They believe that technology increases productivity and makes societies wealthier, but it became clear to them that the same technologies making many jobs safer, easier, and more productive were also reducing the demand for many types of human workers. Technologies like the Web, artificial intelligence, and big data are automating many routine tasks. Countless traditional white-collar jobs, such as many in the post office and in customer service, have disappeared.

As evidence, Brynjolfsson and McAfee point to a chart on which separate lines represent productivity and total employment in the United States. For years after World War II, the two lines closely tracked each other, with increases in jobs corresponding to increases in productivity. Then, beginning in 2000, the lines diverge; productivity continues to rise steadily, but employment suddenly shrinks. By 2011, a significant gap appears between the two lines, showing economic growth with no parallel increase in job creation.

United Slates Productivity and Employment

But are these new technologies really responsible for a decade of lackluster (无生气) job growth? David Autor, an economist at MIT who has studied the connections between jobs and technology, doubts that technology could account for such a sudden change in total employment. Moreover, he also doubts that productivity has, in fact, risen steadily in the United States in the past decade. If he’s right, it raises the possibility that poor job growth could be simply a result of a depressed economy. The sudden slowdown in job creation “is a big puzzle,” he says, “but there’s not a lot of evidence that it’s linked to computers.” “To be sure, computer technologies are changing the types of jobs available, but that is very different from saying technology is affecting the total number of jobs,” he adds. “Jobs can change a lot without there being huge changes in employment rates.”

Lawrence Katz, a Harvard economist, says that while technological changes can be painful for workers whose skills no longer match the needs of employers, no historical pattern shows these shifts leading to a net decrease in jobs over an extended period. Still, Katz doesn’t dismiss the notion that there is something different about today’s digital technologies. Though he expects the historical pattern to hold, it is “genuinely a question,” he says. “If technology disrupts enough, who knows what will happen?”

47. Which period on the chart strongly supports McAfee’s claim?

A. 1947—1967. B. 1985—1987.

C. 1997—2000. D. 2011—2013.

48. According to David Autor, the change in job growth .

A. is not necessarily caused by technology

B. results from a weakening economy

C. has no connection with productivity

D. affects the current types of jobs

49. What is Lawrence Katz’s attitude towards the topic?

A. Optimistic. B. Defensive.

C. Objective. D. Disapproving.

50. The main purpose of the passage is to .

A. show the relation between productivity and job creation

B. discuss the effect of technological advances on employment

C. argue against the wide use of artificial intelligence

D. explain the impact of technologies on productivity

【答案】47. D 48. A 49. C 50. B

【解析】本文讨论技术进步对就业的影响。

47. 推理判断题。根据第三段中By 2011, a significant gap appears between the two lines, showing economic growth with no parallel increase in job creation.可知，图表上2011—2013强烈支持McAfee的主张。故答案为D。

8. Ownership used to be about as straightforward as writing a cheque. If you bought something, you owned it. If it broke, you fixed it. If you no longer wanted it, you sold it or threw it away. In the digital age, however, ownership has become more slippery. Since the coming of smartphones, consumers have been forced to accept that they do not control the software in their devices; they are only licensed to use it. As a digital chain is wrapped ever more tightly around more devices, such as cars and thermostats, who owns and who controls which objects is becoming a problem. Buyers should be aware that some of their most basic property rights are under threat.

The trend is not always harmful. Manufacturers seeking to restrict what owners do with increasingly complex technology have good reasons to protect their copyright, ensure that their machines do not break down, support environmental standards and prevent hacking. Sometimes companies use their control over a product’s software for the owners’ benefit. When Hurricane Irma hit Florida this month, Tesla remotely updated the software controlling the batteries of some models to give owners more range to escape the storm.

But the more digital strings are attached to goods, the more the balance of control leans towards producers and away from owners. That can be inconvenient. Picking a car is hard enough, but harder still if you have to dig up the instructions that tell you how use is limited and what data you must give. If the products are intentionally designed not to last long, it can also be expensive. Already, items from smartphones to washing machines have become extremely hard to fix, meaning that they are thrown away instead of being repaired.

Privacy is also at risk. Users become terrified when iRobot, a robotic vacuum cleaner, not only cleans the floor but also creates a digital map of the inside of a home that can then be sold to advertisers (though the manufacturer says it has no intention of doing so). Cases like this should remind people how jealously they ought to protect their property rights and control who uses the data that is collected.

Ownership is not about to go away, but its meaning is changing. This requires careful inspection. Devices, by and large, are sold on the basis that they enable people to do what they want. To the extent they are controlled by somebody else, that freedom is compromised.

47. What benefit does it bring to customers if companies control the ownership of products?

A. It provides them with knowledge to prevent hacking.

B. It gives them the chance to be protected from danger.

C. It enables them to own the copyright of the products.

D. It helps them know more about complex technology.

48. The underlined words “that freedom” in the last paragraph refer to the freedom to _____.

A. control other people

B. share the ownership

C. inspect devices at any time

D. use devices as one wishes

49. The author may agree _____.

A. customers should buy fewer digital devices

B. producers should control property rights

C. property rights need to be protected

D. better after sales service is required

50. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?

I: Introduction P: Point Sp: Sub-point (次要点) C: Conclusion

A.

B.

C.

D.

【答案】47. B 48. D 49. C 50. A

【解析】所有权过去就像写支票一样简单。本文就“所有权”进行了论述。所有权不会消失，但它的意义正在改变。

49. C

推理判断题。根据第四段中Cases like this should remind people how jealously they ought to protect their property rights and control who uses the data that is collected.可知，作者可能同意保护产权需要得到保护。故选C。

50. A

细节理解题。根据第一段中Ownership used to be about as straightforward as writing a cheque.可知，本句是文章的引入；第一段中的In the digital age, however, ownership has become more slippery. 和Buyers should be aware that some of their most basic property rights are under threat.这是文章的两个主要要点；第二段第一句The trend is not always harmful.第三段中That can be inconvenient.第四段第一句Privacy is also at risk.这是第1个要点的3个次要点；最后一段第一句Ownership is not about to go away, but its meaning is changing.这是本文得出的最后结论。由此推知答案为A。

9. US scientists say they have poured cold water on the theory that washing hands with hot water kills more germs (细菌) than unheated water. The small study of 20 people found using water at 15C (59F) left hands as clean as water heated to 38C (100F).

National Health Service (NHS) recommends that people wash their hands in either cold or warm water. In this study, scientists at Rutgers University-New Brunswick wanted to find out if popular assumptions about the benefits of warm or hot water and official guidance on hot water — given to the food industry in the US — held true. They asked 20 people to wash their hands 20 times each with water that was 15C (59F), 26C (79F) or 38 degrees (100F). Volunteers were also asked to experiment with varying amounts of soap. Before they started the tests, their hands were covered in harmless bugs. Researchers say there was no difference in the amount of bugs removed as the temperature of the water or the amount of soap changed.

Prof Donald Schaffner said: “People need to feel comfortable when they are washing their hands but as far as effectiveness goes, this study shows us that the temperature of the water used did not matter.”

However, the researchers accept their study is small and say more extensive work is needed to determine the best ways to remove harmful bacteria.

In the UK, NHS experts say people can use cold or hot water to wash their hands. They say hands should be washed for at least 20 seconds and stress the importance of using enough soap to cover the whole surface of the hands. Their guidance focuses on rubbing hands together in various ways to make sure each surface of each hand is clean.

8. What does the underlined phrase “poured cold water” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?

A. Proved. B. Contradicted.

C. Created. D. Accepted.

9. After they washed their hands with either hot or cold water, .

A. volunteers all didn’t feel very comfortable

B. volunteers all talked about American food industry

C. volunteers still had much germ on their hands

D. volunteers nearly had the same amount of germ removed

10. How do the researchers feel about their study?

A. It is popular. B. It is convincing.

C. It is incomplete. D. It is abstract.

11. Which of the following is the best title for the text?

A. Using Cold Water Instead of Hot Water.

B. How to Use Cold Water to Wash Hands

C. It Is Better to Wash Hands in Cold Water.

D. Washing Hands in Cold Water as Good as Hot.

【答案】8. B 9. D 10. C 11. D

【解析】用热水洗手杀死更多的细菌比未加热的水多吗？美国科学家对此进行了实验论证，得出的结论是用热水或冷水洗手或肥皂量的多少，去除的细菌数量没有差别，一样好。

9. D

推理判断题。根据第二段中的内容可知，关于热水是否比冷水洗手杀死的细菌多。研究者让20人用不同水温洗手，志愿者还被要求用不同量的肥皂进行实验。在他们开始测试之前，他们的手上覆盖着无害的虫子。研究人员表示，随着水的温度或肥皂量的变化，去除的臭虫数量没有差别。由此可判断用热水或冷水洗手的志愿者手上的去除的细菌一样多，即D项正确。

10. C

推理判断题。根据第四段中的“, the researchers accept their study is small and say more extensive work is needed to determine the best ways to remove harmful bacteria.”研究者认为他们的研究范围小，需要更广泛的工作来确定去除有害细菌的最佳方法。由此可推断出这个研究是不完整的（incomplete），故选C项。

11. D

主旨大意题。在文章的第一段提出了用热水洗手比用冷水洗手去除的细菌多提出了质疑，并且进行了实验最后得出结论是没有什么区别。因此最佳的题意D最为恰当。

10. Have you ever noticed how Americans fill up their entire glass with ice and then pour their beverage(饮品) in, but Europeans take their drinks at room temperature? In the U.S., we’ve created fridges that give you cold ice at the press of a button, but in Britain they typically serve their tap water warm.

This tradition--if that’s what you want to call it--dates back to the 19th century. During that time, it was already commonplace for most American homes to have an ice box. Ice would be harvested in northern America or Canada and shipped across the Atlantic and sold at a high price in British department stores. Can you imagine heading to Macy’s to treat yourself to a block of ice?

Putting ice in your drink started to become somewhat of a fashion(时尚)trend for the wealthy in Britain. Some would put a few cubes in their champagne and sip on their chilled drinks at high-class parties. But, like with any fashion trend, it eventually faded, mainly because the ice was just too expensive. And even once ice boxes began appearing in homes in Britain as well, Brits never took a liking to ice in their drinks.

So, next time you travel overseas, don't feel offended(冒犯) when your server gives you an eye roll when you ask for ice water.

8. Who has written the text?

A. A European B. An American

C. A Canadian D. An Asian.

9. Why do Europeans take their drinks at room temperature?

A. Because they have no fridges. B. Because they have warm taps.

C. Because they are accustomed to it. D. Because they can't afford ice.

10. What can we infer about Europeans?

A. They have ice boxes later than Americans.

B. They don't know where to get ice blocks.

C. Wealthy people like to have ice in their drinks.

D. Wealthy people always follow what Americans do.

11. What does the text mainly talk about?

A. Why Americans like icy drinks while Europeans don’ t.

B. When people overseas have icy drinks with their meals.

C. Where people can entertain themselves with icy drinks.

D. How Europeans and Americans make different beverage.

【答案】8. B 9. C 10. A 11. A

【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍欧洲和美国地区不同的冰箱和冰块发展情况，解释了为什么现在美国人普遍喜欢饮用冰镇饮料，而欧洲人通常饮用常温饮料。

8. 推理判断题。根据文章第二句“In the U.S., we’ve created fridges that give you cold ice at the press of a button, but in Britain they typically serve their tap water warm.” 在美国，我们已经发明了可以一键制冰的冰箱，但在英国，他们通常提供温暖的自来水。这里在说美国是用了we，说英国是用了they，可推测作者应该是个美国人，故B项正确。

9. 推理判断题。根据文章第二、三段大意，19世纪时期，大部分美国家庭已经拥有了早期的冰箱，北美地区的制冰业发展已相当成熟，并且高价在英国售卖。那时候的英国富人流行在饮料里加冰，但这种做法最终过时了，主要是由于冰太贵。即便后来英国家庭也都开始拥有了冰箱，英国人也没有再喜欢往饮料里加冰块。可知，欧洲人之所以喝常温饮料不是因为他们没有冰箱，不是因为他们有温热的自来水，也不是因为他们买不起冰，而是由于19世纪的经历，后来他们习惯了不加冰的饮料，即便有冰箱，也没再喜欢往饮料里加冰块，故C项正确。

11. 主旨大意题。文章开头“Have you ever noticed how Americans fill up their entire glass with ice and then pour their beverage(饮品) in, but Europeans take their drinks at room temperature? 你有没有注意到美国人在整个玻璃杯里装满冰块，然后倒入饮料，但欧洲人喝常温饮料?”，该句点出主题，指出美国人喜欢冰镇饮料，而欧洲人不喜欢，接下来的二三段里，讲述了这一不同“传统”的由来，可知A项正确。