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完形填空题分类
完形填空,就体裁来分,可简单地分为两大类:叙事类完形填空和非叙事类完形填空。
1.1叙事类完形填空叙事类完形填空就其内容而言大致可分为以下两类:
1.1.1演绎人间真情
有的讲述家庭关系中的真情;有的讴歌同窗好友之间的真情;有的聚焦了上下级相处中的真情;有的展现了陌生人之间互帮互助的真情。虽然每篇完形填空的视角各不相同,但是主旨大意却殊途同归。弘扬人间真情,呼吁让世界充满爱是完形填空的主题和主流,这同时也渗透了人文教育理念。
1.1.2阐述人生哲理
人生哲理类完形填空不仅注重考查学生的语言理解和运用能力,也着重引导考生树立正确的人生观、价值观和世界观,增强社会责任感。这类完形填空都有一个共同点,那就是通过一个故事来讲述主人公在经历了一些事情后所获得的人生感悟,而这样的人生感悟通常出现在文末,即在前面记叙的基础上发表议论,且在思想上有一定的深度与广度,对学生具有普遍的指导意义。
1.2非叙事类完形填空
非叙事类完形填空主要是说明文和议论文。说明文类完形填空和议论文类完形填空的特点归纳如下:
1.2.1议论文是由论点、论据和论证构成
因此,议论文的语言是客观的、抽象的、概括的,同时也是准确的、合乎逻辑的。这类文章中会较多地使用诸如since(既然),now that(既然),while(然而),therefore(因此),so(所以),in that case(在那种情况下)等有推理含义的连接词或短语,以增强语言的准确性和逻辑性。
在解答议论文体的完形填空时,首先要读懂第一段,尤其是文章的第一句话,这样就可以迅速找到文章所要论证的观点,进而理解全文的主旨大意。其次要用心体会作者谋篇布局的方法,了解各个段落的功能,感受作者论证的过程。最后再循着作者的思路重读全文,推敲各空答案。
1.2.2说明文是对客观事物进行说明与介绍
解答说明文体裁的完形填空题要着重把握说明的过程:在说明的过程中,作者会选择一个合适的说明顺序,对说明对象有条理地进行说明。
常见的说明顺序有:时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序(指先因后果或先果后因,先主后次的顺序)和认识顺序(指由此及彼,由浅入深,由局部到整体,由现象到本质,由具体到抽象的顺序)。把握了说明的顺序,就能准确地把握文章的脉络。
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完形填空解题策略
2.1完形填空解题步骤
2.1.1时间分配
1、通读全文,领会大意(2-3分钟)
2、逐句阅读,选出答案 (6-7分钟)
3、猜测难点、整体复查(2-3分钟)。
2.1.2解题步骤
1、跳过空格、通读全文、把握大意。先跳过空格,通读试题所给的要完形填空的短文,获得整体印象,做到弄清文脉、抓住主旨,较好地把握短文大意。要在阅读理解短文意思的基础上才开始判定选择,切忌仓促下笔。
2、结合选项、综合考虑、初定答案。在理解全文意思的基础上,再结合所给备选项细读全文,联系上、下文内容,注意从上、下文的语法结构和词语搭配及从选择项中寻找解题的提示,以词、句的意义为先,再从分析句子结构入手,根据短文意思、语法规则、词语固定搭配等进行综合考虑,对备选项逐一进行分析、比较和筛选,排除干扰项、初步选定答案。
3、瞻前顾后、先易后难、各个击破。动笔时要瞻前顾后、通篇考虑、先易后难。对比较明显直接的、自己最有把握的答案先做,一下子不能确定答案的,先跳过这一空格,继续往下做,最后回过头来再集中精力解决难点。这时可结合已确定答案的选项再读一遍短文,随着对短文理解的深入,可以降低试题的难度,提高选择的正确率。
4、复读全文、逐空验证、弥补疏漏。完成各道题选择后,把所选的答案代入原文,再把全文通读一篇,逐空认真复查。看所选定的答案是否使短文意思前后连贯、顺理成章,语法结构是否正确,是否符合习惯表达法。如发现错误答案或有疑问的,应再次推敲、反复斟酌、做出修正。
2.2语境化题目类
完形填空题在选项的设计上突出语境,注重考查学生综合运用英语知识的能力。做这类题时应通过上下文的语境来判断正确答案。考生只有根据故事情节的发展及全文的内容,才能更好地解答题目。因此做此类题目时要通过浏览全文,把握主旨,联系上下文的语境来选择答案。
2.2.1利用褒贬语境,判断“是非曲直”
褒贬性反映了主人公(或作者)的态度或作者的写作意图,因此利用好文章语境的褒贬性就可以对文章进行准确地逻辑判断,从而推断出正确选项。因而找出能反映语境褒贬性的标志性词语或句子就显得尤为重要。
[例1]
Every year, our school has a dance for all the students. It’s a little funny seeing friends in clean shoes and trousers or colorful 36 (dresses), instead of the usual school uniform.
Most of us think the dance is great 37 — even the teachers enjoy being there.
37. A. fun B. work C. effort D. progress
[解析]
根据上文的“It’s a little funny seeing friends ...”及下文的“even the teachers enjoy being there”可知,作者对舞会持赞成的态度,所以选fun(乐趣)。
2.2.2避免只重语意,注意习惯搭配
完形填空中有一部分试题属于习惯搭配。考生在准确掌握语境的同时,要注意所要填入的名词、形容词、动词与空格前面或后面某个词汇的习惯搭配,尤其要注意与介词或副词连用的特点。
[例2]
Two weeks before the audition (试演), Roberta’s mother had heard about it and 25 her to join in.
“I can’t think of anyone else better suited to 26 the part. Remember all the plays you used to act out for us?”
25. A. forced B. requested
C. encouraged D. reminded
26. A. accept B. play C. offer D. learn
[解析]
① 选拔试演两周前,Roberta的母亲就已经了解到这件事了,并且鼓励她参加。第25题中的四个选项都可接sb. to do sth.,但意义却不同。 force sb. to do sth.逼迫某人做某事; request sb. to do sth.要求某人做某事;encourage sb. to do sth.鼓励某人做某事;remind sb. to do sth.提醒某人做某事。根据语境选C项。
② play a part的意思是“扮演角色”,为固定搭配,故第26题选B项。
2.2.3巧妙利用平行结构,准确判断逻辑关系
平行结构指的是结构相同或相似、意思密切关联、语气一致的句子或短语成串排列的语言现象。平行结构形式上整齐匀称,内容联系紧密。
命题者常从平行结构的句式相同或相似这一角度,利用其意义的关联或对比这一特点来设空。完形填空常常会出现这样一些平行结构,掌握这些结构极为相似的句子可大大提高解题效率。
[例3]
As they 43 (grew), the girl was able to 44 (lead) her birds to run across the grass, but she could not teach them to 45 (fly). The girl became increasingly worried about this, both when 46 and in her dreams.
46. A. asleep B. away C. around D. awake
[解析]
做此题应该把and作为突破口,根据and可知,空缺处的词应与“in her dreams”形成对照,因此应填入awake。
2.3词语辨析题目类
完形填空的另一个特点是考查词语辨析。词语辨析命题涉及以下三种类型:
2.3.1巧妙利用平行结构,准确判断逻辑关系
此类题的特点是选项中所给的四个词词性相同,词义相同或相近。它主要考查考生在具体语言环境中对所学同义词或近义词的辨析和运用能力。
[例1]
Describing the 42 later, Bannister said, “On the way to the track the wind blew strongly. As I 43 (lined up) for the start I glanced (瞥一眼) at the flag. It moved 44 (gently) now. This was the moment when I made my decision.”
42. A. accident B. event C. subject D. topic
[解析]
此题考查近义词辨析。accident事故;event(尤指重要、有意义或不寻常的)事件,(体育运动的)比赛项目;subject题目,科目;topic话题。由track可知选B。
[例2]
We arrived inSpainfor the first time a few weeks ago. I decided to 21 a car because we had sold the one we had inEnglandbefore 22 home.
21. A. borrow B. drive C. buy D. choose
22. A. leaving B. making C. returning D. getting
[解析]
① 第21题中的borrow是干扰项,根据后面的sold和后文的故事发展可知,作者是要买一辆汽车,故选C项。
② 第22题,如果不看语境的话,A、C、D项都能选择,但是根据下文可知作者离家前把在英国拥有的那辆汽车卖掉了,所以此处只能用leaving,故选A项。
2.3.2形近词辨析
此类题的特点是选项中所给的四个词的词性相同,拼写(至少有两项)相近。这类题主要考查考生是否准确地掌握了所学词汇的意义。
[例3]
In the clinic (门诊部), I asked if Michael could be retested, so the specialist (专科医生) tested him again. To my 36 (disappointment), it was the same score.
Later that evening, I 37 told Frank what I had learned that day. After talking it over, we agreed that we knew our 38 (son), much better than an IQ test.
37. A. tearfully B. fearfully C. cheerfully D. hopefully
[解析]
tearfully和fearfully虽然形式相似,但是意义大相径庭。前者表示“满含泪水地”,后者表示“害怕地”。根据文章的意思,作者对儿子两次进行的智力测试很失望,同时也应该很伤心,因此是满含泪水地告诉Frank,故选A项。
2.3.3连接词辨析
此类题的特点是选项中所给的四个词是表示上下文各种逻辑关系的连接词。这类题目主要考查考生对上下文逻辑关系(如转折关系、让步关系、因果关系、递进关系、增补关系、对比关系等)的理解,并考查考生对连接词的运用能力。
[例4]
Most of us think the dance is great 37 (fun) — even the teachers enjoy being there. 38 , two weeks ago someone said that there would be no 39 (live) band this year — only CDs.
38. A. Besides B. Though C. However D. Therefore
[解析]
前一句的意思是:我们大部分人都认为跳舞是一件非常开心的事,即使是老师也喜欢参与。后一句话的意思是:两周前,有人说今年没有现场伴奏的乐队,只播放CD。根据前后句在意义上的转折可判断出此处是转折关系,所以要用However,故选C项。
【典例】高考英语全国1卷
It was a busy morning, about 8:30, when an elderly gentleman in his 80s came to the hospital. I heard him saying to the nurse that he was in a hurry for all appointment(约会)at 9:30.
The nurse had him take a 36 in the waiting area, 37 him it would be at least 40 Minutes 38 someone would be able to see him. I saw him 39 his watch anddecided, since I was 40 busy—my patient didn’t 41 at the appointed hour, I would examine his wound. While taking care of his wound, I asked him if he had another doctor’s appointment.
The gentleman said no and told me that he 42 to go to the nursing home to eat breakfast with his 43 . He told me that she had been 44 for a while and that she had a special disease. I asked if she would be 45 if he was a bit late. He replied that she 46 knew who he was, that she had not been able to 47 him for five years now. I was 48 , and asked him, “And you 49 go every morning, even though she doesn’t know who you are?”
He smiled and said, “She doesn’t know me, but I know who she is.” I had to hold back 50
as he left.
Now I 51 that in marriages, true love is 52 of all that is. The happiest people don’t 53 have the best of everything; they just 54 the best of everything they have. 55 isn’t about how to live through the storm, but how to dance in the rain.
36. A. breath B. test
C. seat D. break
37. A. persuading B. promising
C. understanding D. telling
38. A. if B. before
C. since D. after
39. A. taking off B. fixing
C. looking at D. winding
40. A. very B. also
C. seldom D. not
41. A. turn up B. show off
C. come on D. go away
42. A. needed B. forgot
C. agreed D. happened
43. A. daughter B. wife
C. mother D. sister
44. A. late B. well
C. around D. there
45. A. lonely B. worried
C. doubtful D. hungry
46. A. so far B. neither
C. no longer D. already
47. A. recognize B. answer
C. believe D. expect
48. A. moved B. disappointed
C. surprised D. satisfied
49. A. only B. then
C. thus D. still
50. A. curiosity B. tears
C. words D. judgment
51. A. realize B. suggest
C. hope D. prove
52. A. agreement B. expression
C. acceptance D. exhibition
53. A. necessarily B. completely
C. naturally D. frequently
54. A. learn B. make
C. favor D. try
55. A. Adventure B. Beauty
C. Trust D. Life
解析:
【文章大意】一位80多岁的老人来医院治伤。交谈中,我得知他9:30要去养老院和老伴儿一起吃早饭。他的老伴儿得了病,5年来,她已经认不出他了,可是他坚持每天早晨去看她,和她一起吃早饭。老人的故事使我认识到,在婚姻生活中,真正的爱就是包容一切。
36.C 护士让老人在候诊区找个座位坐下,take a seat就座。
37.D (护士)“告诉”(telling)老人,因为他事先没有和医生预约,因此,至少要等40分钟才可能轮到医生给他治疗。
38.B before在……之前,句中含“it will be+时间段+befom”结构,表示“过……才……”。
39.C 我看到老人“看(looking at)表”,于是我临时做了一个决定。
40.D 由于和我预约的病人“没有(not)”在预约的时间到达,于是我决定先给老人诊治。
41.A turn up意为“出现,露面”,这里指到达。
42.A 老人告诉我他“需要(needed)”在9:30去养老院。
43.B 他要和“老伴儿(wife)”一起吃早饭。
44.D 他告诉我,因为老伴儿有病,已经在养老院(there)住了一段时间了。
45.B 我问他要是他晚去一会儿,他的老伴儿会不会着急(worried)。
46.C 老人回答说,她再也(no longer)不知道他是谁了。
47.A 他说,他的老伴儿已有5年都认不出(recognize)他了。
48.C 这种情况使我感到非常惊讶(surprised)。
49.D 我问老人,“尽管她认不出你是谁,可是你仍旧(still)每天早晨去看她?”
50.B 老人笑着回答,“她不认识我,可是我认识她呀。”老人执着的爱深深地打动了我。
当老人从医院离开时,我不得不控制自己即将涌出的“泪水(tears)”。
51.A 现在,我终于认识(realize)到了婚姻中爱的真谛。
52.C 在婚姻生活中,真正的爱就是包容(acceptance)一切。
53.A 最幸福的人未必拥有最美好的东西。not necessarily“未必”。
54.B 最幸福的人只是善于充分利用他们拥有的一切。make the best of“充分利用”。
55.D 生活(life)不是如何经历暴风雨,而是如何在雨中跳舞。
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