动词时态的构成和用法

1.一般现在时： 构成：动词原形或动词原形＋s/es被动语态构成：am/is/are + 动词-ed(am, is, are表示现在, 动词-ed表示被动)。用法：表示现在的情况、动作或事件。2)表示不断重复的动作，或经常性、习惯性的动作。通常与often, always, sometimes, every + 时间名词连用。

3)表示客观事实，即过去、现在、将来都不会改变的情况。

4)表示将来，用于谈论时间表、日程表、节目单等安排好的活动。

2.现在进行时：

构成：am/is/are + 动词-ing(am, is, are表示现在, 动词-ing表示进行)

被动语态构成：am/is/are + being + 动词-ed

用法：

表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作或事件，常常与now, at the moment, just等连用。

表示暂时的情况。 3)表示重复的动作：常与always, constantly, continually, forever等连用，表示不断重复的动作。4)表示将来的动作：指事先安排好的动作，通常需要有上下文或时间状语。 转移动词常常用于进行时表示将来的动作.

比较 Look! The train is leaving.

现在进行时与一般现在时比较：

1)一般现在时着重表示某人或某物现在的情况；现在进行时则强调现在暂时性的或现阶段的动作。2)一般现在时表示时间表上的安排; 现在进行时表示将来的计划

3)一般现在时表示某人的情况或为人, 现在进行时表示某人不断重复的动作, 通常有着某种感情色彩.

注意：由于进行时表示的是正在发生的动作，因此，表示状态、结果、情感、思维等的动词不可用于进行时。这类动词有：

状态类：add up（有意义）, afford, appear（似乎）, belong to, come about, come from（出生地）, contain, cost, differ from, equal, feel（摸起来）, fit, happen to, have/have got, hold（容纳）, include, keep +动词-ing, know(认识), look(看起来), mean(意思是), own, possess, prove（证明是）, seem, smell, sound, stand for, taste, etc.

结果类：catch（听懂）, find（发现） hear, make out（弄懂）, notice, observe, see, smell（闻到）, taste（尝到）, etc.

情感类：admire, appreciate, astonish, attract, believe in, care about, dare, dislike, doubt, envy, fear, hate, hope, impress, interest, like, love, mean, mind, please, regret, respect, can't stand, trust, value, etc.

思维类：agree, appreciate, believe, consider（认为）, disagree, disbelieve, expect, feel, figure（美：捉摸）, find, get it（弄懂）, guess, hear, hear about, hear of, hope, imagine, know（知道）, realize, recognize, regard, see, see through, suppose, tell（辨 认）, think（认为）, understand, wonder, etc.

3)一般过去时：

构成：动词的过去时形式(动词-ed或不规则的过去时形式。)

被动语态构成：was/were + 动词-ed(was, were表示过去, 动词-ed表示被动)

用法：

1)表示已经结束的动作：指过去发生而现在己结束的事件、动作或情况，可以是最近发生的，也可能是很久前发生的。 2)表示过去的习惯：常常与often, usually, always等连用。比较一般现在时的第三种用法。 3)表示刚发生的事，通常不必说明时间。

4.过去进行时： 构成：was/were + 动词-ing (was, were表示过去, 动词-ing表示进行)

被动语态构成：was/were + being + 动词-ed

用法：

1)表示过去某时正在进行的情况，常常与 then, at that moment, just等连用。

2)表示某事发生前正在进行的动作，通常表示这一动作被后发生的事所中断。

3)表示强调同时进行的动作。 4)表示重复的行为：与现在进行时第三种用法相似。

5.现在完成时：

构成：has/have + 动词-ed (have, has表示现 在, 动词-ed表示完成)

被动语态构成：has/have + been + 动词-ed

用法：

1)表示过去开始并持续到现在的动作，常常与以下时间词语连用：before(now)（在此以前）, It's the first time...（第一次）, so far（到目前为止）, since + 时间（从过去某时到现在为止）, up till now（直到现在）, up to the present（直到目前）, ever（任何时候）, never（从不，不仅仅用于完成时）, for + 时间（不仅仅用于完成时）, in/for the past + 时间（过去多长时间以来）。现在完成时的这一用法要求动词必须是持续动词，非持续动词不可用于这一时态。如:

China has changed a great deal in the past 20 years.

It has rained every day so far this month.

It's the first time I have been in this town.

（注：不能用have come）

如果需要表示瞬间动词的持续时间, 可以用 "It's

时间 + since…"的句子结构来表示.

如: It's 6 months since Tom came here.

= Tom has been here for 6 months.

对于现在完成时不能望文生义，完成时在表示持续

动作时其实并未完成，动作尚未结束，还在持续之

中；而一般过去时的动作才是已经结束的动作。

2)强调过去动作对现在的影响和结果。过去动作虽然已经完成，但仍然存在着影响或结果。如:

Have you passed your driving test?

Where have you put the dictionary? I can't find it anywhere.

在说明具体情况时要用过去时。如:

I passed my driving test when I was 16 years old.

I put the dictionary in my desk.

强调过去动作对现在的影响和结果时，可以使用非持续动词。

3)表示最近发生的动作。常常与just, already, yet, still, recently等连用。

如: He has recently moved in here from New York.

My car has just been repaired.

Have you typed the letters already?

She still haven't past her driving test.

4)表示反复性或习惯性。常常与often, frequently及表示次数之类的词连用。如

She has attended classes regularly. She has always worked hard.

I have watched him appear on TV several times.

6.过去完成时：

构成：had + 动词-ed

被动语态构成：had + been + 动词-ed

用法：

1)表示较早的过去，即发生在过去某时之前并已经结束的动作（所谓过去的过去时）。注意，过去完成时必须用于表示某个时间之前的动作，必须有一过去时间参照点。常常与以下表示时间的词语连用：already, ever, for +一段时间，since + 具体时间, just, never, never...before, etc.

2)强调动作的完成，通常与 by + 具体时间连用。

3)表示未能实现的希望或愿望。通常使用 expect, hope, mean, suppose, think, want, intend等动词的过去完成时（包括过去时、过去进行时）表示想做未做的事。

4)与No sooner...than（才...就）, 或 Hardly/Scarcely /Barely...when（才/刚刚/仅仅...就）连用。如: Mr. Green had no sooner begun his speech than he was interrupted.

当 no sooner, hardly, scarcely, barely出现在句首时, 句子结构应使用倒装句.

如: Hardly(scarcely/barely) had he arrived when his wife left.

5)使用过去完成时的必要性和非必要性：

在句子意思十分清楚时，不必使用过去完成时。如

After I (had) finished, I went home.

在使用when引导的时间状语从句时，必须精确表达正确的时间先后关系。

如: When I arrived, she left for the station. （同时发生的动作）

When I arrived, she had left for the station. （先离开）

6)在上下文中的过去完成时的用法：主要侧重于确定事件发生的顺序。如

When we returned from our holidays, we found our house in a mess(乱七八糟). What had happened while we had been away? A burglar had broken into the house and had stolen a lot of our things.(由于被盗时间和回家时间的先后关系已经确定，所以接下来仍用一般过去时) The burglar got in through the kitchen window. He had no difficulty in forcing it open...

过去完成时与一般过去时的比较：过去完成时表示的动作发生在一般过去时的动作之前，或必须有一个过去时间作为参照点，表示动作在这一时间之前完成，特别是在与when或by + 过去时间连用时。如

When he arrived at the station, the train

had already left.

He had learned how to play the piano by

the age of six.

7.一般将来时：

构成：shall/will + 动词原形

被动语态构成：shall/will + be +动词-ed

其它形式：

am/is/are + going to + 动词原形（打算做）

am/is/are + to + 动词原形（要求做）

am/is/are + about to + 动词原形（正要做）

am/is/are + on the point of + 动词-ing（正要做）

am/is/are + due to + 动词原形（预定要做）

注：shall用于第一人称，特别是用于疑问句、否定句中。Will可以用于所有人称。当用于第一人称时，愿意或不愿意。Shall在特定的情况下，也可以用于第二、三人称，表示许诺、命令、威胁等用法：1)shall/will可以用来表示设想会发生的事。如:

It will rain tomorrow. 其它用法，表示不同的语气。如:

I'll buy you a bicycle for your birthday.（允诺）

Will you hold the door open for me ,please?（请求）

Shall I get your coat for you?（提议）

Shall we go for a swim tomorrow?（建议）

Just wait---you'll regret this.（威胁）

2)Will在正式语体中表示计划安排的事情，尤其是书面语，多用will而不用 be going to。如

The wedding will take place on June 27th.

The conference will be at the Hinjiang

3)Will/shall常常用于表示希望、期待等意义的动词后，这类动词有be sure, be afraid, believe, doubt, expect, hope, suppose, think，etc. 如: I hope you'll come again.

He is sure that he will succeed.

其它形式用法1) am/is/are + going to do：表示不久即将发生的事，说话人也许对此预先有所了解。但是在正式语体中，多用will而不用be going to。如

Oh, look. It's going to rain. (There are black clouds in the sky.)

They are going to be married soon. (Her brother told me that.)

还可以表示意图、打算等。如：

I'm going to practice the piano for 2 hours this evening.

We are going to see a film this Saturday evening.

但是，在表示说话时决定某事时，用will, 不用 be going

to。如: We are really lost. I'll stop and ask someone

the way. 如果想明确表示意图和打算，则用 intend to,

plan to 不用 be going to。如：

They are going to build a new motorway to the west.

They plan to build a new motorway to the west.（明

确打算）2) am/is/are to do：表示为人所控制，如正式的安排或公务、指示或命令、公告或禁止等。如:OPEC(欧佩克) representatives are to meet in Geneva

next Tuesday.

You are to deliver these flowers before 10:00.

You are not to tell him anything about our plans.

POISIN: NOT TO BE TAKEN!

3) am/is/are about to do表示不久的将来，即将、很快就会发生的动作。

如： Look! The race is about to start.

4) am/is/are on the point of doing:表示更近的将来。

如： Look! They are on the point of starting.

5) am/is/are due to do:表示时刻表,旅行计划的安排。

如： The BA(英航） 561 is due to arrive at 14:15.

8.过去将来时：

构成：was/were going to + 动词原形 （打算要）

was about to + 动词原形 （正要） was to + 动词原形/was to have + 动词-ed（注定要）

was on the point of + 动词-ing（正要） was due to + 动词原形（预定要）

would + 动词原形（只用于一定的上下文、间接引语）.

用法：

1)表示过去预计会发生并发生了的事。如

I couldn't go to Tom's party as I was about to go into hospital

2) 也可表示过去无法预见的结果。如

Little did they know they were to meet again 10 years later.

3)表示过去因故中断，被妨碍或被阻止的动作。如

We were just going to leave when Tom fell and hurt his knee.

4)表示注定要发生的事。

如 : Einstein was still a young man. His discoveries had not been published yet. But they were to change the whole world.

5)用于间接引语以及表示现在的虚拟语气句子中.

如: Tom said that he would do better next time.

If he worked hard, he would pass the examination this time.

9.现在完成进行时：

构成：has/have + been + 动词-ing

用法：

1)表示过去某时开始的动作一直持续到现在，并在持续

期间内不断进行着。如 : I have been working for five years.

It has been raining since last Friday.

2)表示重复的动作。如: Jim has been ringing John every night for the last week.

3)表示根据直接或间接证据而得出结论，很少使用一般现在时。如:

Your eyes are red. You've been crying.

现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别：

I have painted this room.（已完成） I have been painting this room.（末完成）

It has rain all the week.(中途或者中断过）

It has been raining all the day.（中途未停止过）10.过去完成进行时：

构成：had been + 动词-ing

用法：1)表示过去某时或某动作之前一直进行的动作。如:

He had been working hard by the time he became a lawyer.

2)表示重复的动作。如:

You had been saying that again and again and I could repeat it.

11.将来进行时： 构成：shall/will + be + 动词-ing

用法：1)表示最近或很久的将来正在进行的动作。如 Hurry up! The guests will be arriving at any minute!2)表示说话人设想已经安排好的事。如

By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.

3)表示安排和计划：与现在进行时一样，表示已计划好的事，特别是与旅行有关的事。如

We'll be spending the winter in Australia.

12.将来完成时

构成：shall/will have + 动词-ed

用法：表示将来某时前已经完成的动作，常与 by, not...until + 将来时间连用，以及与下列动词如 build, complete, finish, believe, expect, hope, suppose连用。如:

I expect you'll have changed you mind by tomorrow.

13.将来完成进行时：

构成：shall/will have been + 动词-ing

用法：表示某种情况一直持续到说话人提及的时间。如:

By this time next week, I'll have been working for this company for 24 years.

14.过去将来完成时：

构成 would +have +动词-ed

用法：通常用于虚拟语气表示过去没有发生过的情况。如:

If I had been you, I would have accepted his invitation.

I would have helped you but I was not free.

附录1 名词-s, -es规则

1)在动词后直接加-s

2)在o, s, x, ch, sh结尾的动词后面加-es, 如 does, misses, mixes, catches, wishes

3)在辅音+y结尾的动词后面, 先变y为i, 再加-es, 如 studies.

-s, -es的读音

清辅音字母后面读 /s/, 如 works, puts, lets

浊辅音字母后面和元音字母后面读 /z/ 如 loves, plays

在s, x, ch, sh, ge后面读 /iz/, 如 loses, manages, catches, washes, mixes

附录2 动词-ing的规则

1)在动词后直接加-ing 如 working, studying, drinking

2)-e结尾的动词, 去e加-ing(但-ee结尾的动词和age必须直接加-ing) 如coming, making using, 但 see-- seeing, age-- ageing

3)重读闭音节结尾的动词, 双写辅音字母后再加-ing 如 hitting, getting, running, stopping, beginning, forgetting, preferring

4)-ie结尾的单词变为y再加-ing 如 die--dying, lie-- lying,

附录3不能用于进行时的动词见上

附录4 动词-ed的规则

1)动词后面直接加-ed 如: asked, cleaned, followed

2)e结尾的动词加-d 如 arrived, smiled, agreed

3)重读闭音节结尾的动词, 双写辅音字母后再加-ed 如 stopped, preferred

4)在辅音+y结尾的动词后面, 先变y为i, 再加-ed 如 studied,replied,relied,denied,satisfied