高考英语考纲解读锡类之阅读理解两类题型命题规律揭秘

《2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》（英语）中有关阅读的要求：

要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，

并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：

（1）理解主旨要义；

（2）理解文中具体信息；

（3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；

（4）做出判断和推理；

（5）理解文章的基本结构；

（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。

【解读】

阅读是我国考生学习和使用外语的最主要途径，因此，阅读理解在试卷中占权重较大。该部分要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能：

1. 理解主旨和要义

每篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。有时从文章的第一个段落，甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义，从这一段或这个句子读者会知道文章描述的是谁或什么（即文章的主题），亦会了解作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。有时，作者没有明示文章的主旨要义，需要读者从文章的字里行间进行归纳和概括。

2. 理解文中具体信息

　　文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节信息对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。具体信息有时可以直接从文章中获取，有时则需要进行归纳、概括和推断后才能得到。

3. 根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义

　　阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的单词和短语，但许多这类词语的含义可以通过上下文推断出来。这种不使用词典而通过阅读上下文来推断词语含义的能力，是一个合格的读者必须具备的能力，因此也是阅读理解部分经常考查的一种能力。

4.根据所读内容作出判断和推理

　　在实际的阅读活动中，常常需要根据文章提供的事实和线索，进行逻辑推理，推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势等。这种判断和推理的能力是阅读理解能力的重要构成部分，因而也是阅读理解部分重点考查的能力之一。

5. 理解文章的基本结构

阅读文章需要具备一定的语篇知识。文章作者常常会使用各种衔接手段使行文连贯。如果希望准确、深刻地理解文章，必须把握住全篇的基本结构，理清上下文的衔接关系，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。

6. 理解作者的意图、观点和态度

　　每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递某个信息，或是愉悦读者，或是讲授某个道理。而这些信息通常并不是明确表达出来，而是隐含在文章之中。因此，读者需要在理解文章总体内容的基础上，去领会作者的言外之意。

题型1 阅读理解

阅读文章是考生接触外语的最主要途径，因此阅读理解在试卷中所占比重较大。下面就2014年至2017年新课标全国卷（Ⅰ）的阅读理解试题做简单分析：

阅读理解坚持能力立意的命题理念，题材多样化，信息丰富，包括日常生活、社会、文化、政治、经济、新闻、史地、人物传记等，具有浓郁的人文和社会气息，内容有较强的时代感，同时具有一定的知识性、趣味性和思想性，充分体现了语言灵活运用的需求；体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文等。

预计2018年高考英语阅读理解文章的难度会保持稳定，阅读总量基本不会有太大的变化，在设题上会有一定的深度，易、中、难试题仍会保持相对稳定的比例，仍将以细节理解题和推理判断题为主，在语言、词汇、选材、内涵等方面有新突破、新高度，将会充分体现出选拔的功能。

【应用文】

【样题】(2017·全国新课标I，A)

Pacific Science Center Guide

◆Visit Pacific Science Center’s Store

Don’t forget to stop by Pacific Science Center’s Store while you a

re here to pick up a wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit. The store is located(

位于) upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome.

◆Hungry?

Our exhibits will feed your mind, but what about your body? Our café offers a complete menu of lunch and snack options, in addition to seasonal specials. The café is located upstairs in Building 1 and is open daily until one hour Pacific Science Center closes.

◆Rental Information

Lockers are available to store any belongs during your visit. The lockers are located in Building 1 near the Information Desk and in Building 3. Pushchairs and wheelchairs are available to rent at the Information Desk and Denny Way entrance. ID required.

◆Support Pacific Science Center

Since 1962, Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passion(热情) for discovery and lifelong learning in science, m

ath and technology. Today, Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and brings inquiry-based science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State. It’s an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organiza

tions. Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.

21. Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacific Science Center?

A. In Building 1.

B. In Building 3.

C. At the Laser Dome.

D. At the Denny Way entrance.

22. What does Pacific Science Center do for schools?

A. Train science teachers.

B. Distribute science books.

C. Inspire scientific research.

D. Take science to the classroom.

23. What is the purpose of the last part of the text?

A. To encourage donations.

B. To advertise coming events.

C. To introduce special exhibits.

D. To tell about the Center’s history.

【文章大意】本文主要从购物点、就餐点、租借服务三方面介绍了Pacific Science Center，并展示了Pacific Science Center为人们做的贡献，呼吁人们的支持。

21.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的The store is located(位于) upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome.可知Pacific Science Center的购物点在Laser Dome旁边的3号楼的楼上。故选B

22D

23.A 【解析】目的意图题。根据文章最后一段中的Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.可知作者呼吁读者支持Pacific Science Center，也就是鼓励人们为之提供帮助、做贡献。故选A。

【记叙文】

【样题】(2017·全国新课标II，B)

I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didn’t want me for the film — it wanted somebody as well known as Paul — he stood up for me. I don’t know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.

The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft（技艺）and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other— but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core（核心）of our relationship off the screen.

We shared the brief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back— he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn’t see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.

I last saw him a few months ago. He’d been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didn’t talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didn’t need a lot of words.

24.Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to author at first?

A. Paul Newman wanted it.

B. The studio powers didn’t like his agent.

C. He wasn’t famous enough.

D. The director recommended someone else.

25.Why did Paul and the author have a lasting friendship?

A. They were of the same age.

B. They worked in the same theater.

C. They were both good actors.

D. They have similar characteristics.

26.What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?

A. Their belief.

B. Their care for children.

C. Their success.

D. Their support for each other.

27.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?

A. To show his love of films.

B. To remember a friend.

C. To introduce a new movie.

D. To share his acting experience.

【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了作者与Paul Newman之间的深厚友情。当制片人不想让我参演电影时，Paul Newman站出来为我说话，两人因此而建立了深厚的友谊。在此后的很多年里，两人一直相互扶持，相互鼓励，因此两人的深厚友情维系了很多年。

24.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据“When the studio didn’t want me for the film— it wanted somebody as well

known as Paul”可知，作者当时还不是很有名。故选C。

25 D

26.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据“We shared the brief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should

put something back”，我们都有这个信仰：如果你有幸获得成功，你应该有所回馈。下文“he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival”是作者举的例子，因此“sharing that brought us together.”that指代前面提到的信仰。故选A。

27.B 【解析】写作意图题。根据“I last saw him a few months ago. He’d been in and out of the hospital. He an

d

I both knew what the deal was, and we didn’t talk about it”可知Paul已经去世了，再结合前文“I first met Paul Newman in 1968”，可推断作者非常怀念这位朋友。故选B。

【说明文】

【样题】(2017·全国新课标I，

D)

A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5＇

5＇ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container — perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.

To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.

Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.

The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink.

32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?

A. It’s delicate. B. It’s expensive.

C. It’s complex. . D. It’s portable.

33. What does

the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?

A. The tube. B. The still.

C. The hole. D. The cup.

34. What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still?

A. Dig a hole of a certain size. B. Put the cup in place.

C. Weight the sheet’s center down. D. Cover

the hole with the plastic sheet.

35. When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from.

A. the plastic tube B. outside the hole

C. the open air D. beneath the sheet

【文章大意】本文主要介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作的简单易行的太阳能蒸馏器的方法，并介绍了它的工作原理。这种蒸馏器所需的材料简单，适用于任何缺水的地方。

32.D

33.B 【解析】词义猜测题。根据Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity可知最好在潮湿的地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率。“接水器”指的是在潮湿的地方挖洞，在洞的底部放一个杯子，杯子上方用膜覆盖，整个装置构成接水器，而不是某个部分。这一题很容易错选D，但是就算在干燥的地方挖洞，杯子也可以接水，杯子接水的事实并不会因为周围环境的变化而变化，杯子的工作效率是不变的。故选B。

34.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock.可知最后一步是weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock(放一块石头在覆盖膜的中间，把它压下去)，故选C。

35.D 【解析】推理判断题。结合第四段中的Ground water evaporates (蒸

发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup可知地下水蒸发，在覆盖膜上聚集起来，直到形成小水滴落在杯子里，覆盖膜是在杯子上面的，水滴落入杯子里，所以水滴是聚在覆盖膜的下面。故选D。

【议论文】

【样题】

＂Did you hear what happened to Adam Last Friday?＂ Lindsey whispers to Tori.

With her eyes shining, Tori brags, ＂You bet I did, Sean told me two days ago.＂

Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happened to be yours truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell you that what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not even true. Still, Lindsey and T

ori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip(

闲话). I have noticed three effects of gossip: it can hurt people, it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction, and it can cause social pressures in a group.

An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic — breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out — that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.

If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest rumor(传言) can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the ＂in group.＂ In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority(优越感).

Gossip also can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David

Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do’s and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.

The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, thing about why you want to gossip and what effects your ＂juicy story＂ might have.

1. The author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passage to __________.

A. introduce a topic B. present an argument

C. describe the characters D. clarify his writing purpose

2. An important negative effect of gossip is that it __________.

A. breaks up relationships B. embarrasses the listener

C. spreads information around D. causes unpleasant experiences

3. In the author’s opinion, many people like to gossip because it __________.

A. gives them a feeling of pleasure B. helps them to make more friends

C. makes them better at telling stories D. enables them to meet important people

4. Professor David Wilson thinks that gossip can __________.

A. provide students with written rules B. help people watch their own behaviors

C. force schools to improve student handbooks D. attract the police’s attention to group behaviors

5. What advice does the author give in the passage?

A. Never become a gossiper. B. Stay away from gossipers.

C. Don’t let gossip turn into lies. D. Think twice before you gossip.

【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了传言的危害和人们为什么喜欢传闲话。

1.A 【解析】目的意图题。根据文章第三段中的Many of our conversations are gossip(闲话)可知开头的对话是为了引入本文的主题， 故选A。

2.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第四段中的An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about可知其主要危害是会给被讨论的人带来不愉快的经历，故选D。

3A

4.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第六段中的Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group可知他认为传言能帮助人们监督、观察自身的行为，故选B。

5.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your ＂juicy story＂ might have可知作者的建议是让人们在传闲话之前三思而后行。故选D。

题型2 七选五型阅读理解

阅读理解七选五侧重考查考生的逻辑思维能力，要求考生在语篇层面对文章整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义进行把握。其命题形式体现了新课标对考生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力的要求。

文章体裁以说明文为主，语篇模式较为固定：提出问题—

—提供解决方案。文章题材较为固定：与学生的日常生活、学习紧密相关。

近三年新课标全国卷高考七选五实况分析：

2017年高考对七选五的考查将更多地涉及所填句子和所在段落主题的呼应以及空白处与上下句之间的一致性。考生要想做好此类题目，必须注意：话题的一致性，代词指代的一致性，句式的一致性，数字列举的一致性以及段落结构对空白处所填内容的影响。

【样题】(2017·全国新课标II)

根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you’re trying to get work done. 36 ,there are several ways to handle things. Let’s take a look at them now.

37 .Tell the person you’re sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time.

When people try to interrupt you, have set hours planned and let them know to come back during th

at time or that you’ll find them then. 38 .It can help to eliminate(

消除) future interruptions.

When you need to someone, don’t do it in your own office. 39 , it’s much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are

If you have a door to your office, make good use of it. 40 . If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter. Excuse yourself and let the person know you’re busy so they can get the hint(暗示) than when the door is closed, you’re not to be disturbed.

A. If you’re busy, don’t feel bad about saying no

B. When you want to avoid interruptions at work

C. Set boundaries for yourself as your time goes

D. If you’re

in the other person’s office or in a public area

E. It’s important that you let them know when you’ll be available

F. It might seem unkind to cut people shirt when they interrupt you

G. Leave it open when you’re available to talk and close it when you’re not

【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。为避免工作被打断是一件令人感觉很糟糕的事，文章提出了几点建议，防止此类事件的发生。

36.B 【解析】根据there are several ways to handle things，可知下文是关于几种防止在工作中被别人打断的方法，此句与前半句构成一个完整的句子，根据语境分析。故选B。

37.A 【解析】根据后文“Tell the person you’re sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the of you can talk at a different time”可知，学会在自己很忙的时候去拒绝别人。故选A。

38.E 【解析】根据横线前“have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that you’ll find them then”安排好时间，让他们知道你在什么时候回来，或者告诉他们，你会去找他们，再结合后文“I

t can help to eliminate(

消除) future interruptions”可知选E。

39 D

40.G 【解析】根据“If you have a door to your office,make good use of it.”可知，此段主要是讲述关于如何利用自己办公室的门来防止被打扰。故选G。