由that引导的定语从句

1. 由that引导的定语从句

(1) 在that引导的限制性定语从句中，当that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语（做宾语时常可省略）。例如：

He is the man that lives next door.他就是住在隔壁的那个人。（定语从句修饰先行词the man，that在从句中作主语）

I don't like stories that have unhappy endings.我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。（定语从句修饰先行词stories，that在从句中作主语）

The dress (that) Ann bought doesn't fit her very well.Ann买的衣服不太合身。（定语从句修饰先行词the dress，that在从句中作宾语，可省略）

Is there anything (that) I can do for you?有我能为你效劳的事吗？（定语从句修饰先行词anything，that在从句中作宾语，可省略）

2. 不能用that的情况

(1) 只能用who的情况

1) 在非限制定语从句中。例如：

His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。

2) 先行词是one，anyone，those时。例如：

One who has nothing to fear for himself dares to tell the truth.一个无所畏惧的人敢说真话。

Anyone who breaks the law shall be published.任何犯法的人都将受到惩罚。

Those who are against the plan put up your hands please.凡是反对这项计划的人，请举手。

(2) 只能用which/whom的情况

1) 在非限制性定语从句中。例如：

The weather was very terrible, which we hadn't expected.天气非常糟糕，这是我们所没有料想到的。

2) 在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时。例如：

Sound is a tool, by means of which people communicate with each other.声音是工具，人们通过这个工具进行交流。

A lot will be expected from people to whom a lot is given.被给予很多的人们同时也肩负很多期待。

3. 只能用that的情况

在下列情况下，限制性定语从句中一般只用that引导：

(1) 当先行词为everything，anything，nothing，all，none，few，little，much，some等不定代词或被不定代词修饰时，例如：

Everything that they said was true.他们所说的一切都是真的。

He is dead and there's nothing that can be done.他死了，再也没有什么办法了。

There was little that we could do to help her.我们没有什么能帮助她的。

(2) 当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或every，any，all，some，no，little，few，much，just，the only，the very，the right，the last等词修饰时。例如：

The parks are the cleanest parks that you can imagine.这些公园是你能想象的最干净的公园。

Australia is the only country that is also a continent.澳大利亚是唯一一个占有整块大陆的国家。

This is the very grammar book (that) I want to buy.这正是我要买的语法书。

(3) 当先行词既有人又有物。例如：

The driver and his car that fell into the river have not yet been discovered.掉入河里的司机与车都还没有找到。

(4) 先行词在句中作表语，且关系词在从句中也作表语时。例如：

She is no longer the sweet girl (that) she used to be.她再也不是过去那个甜美的女孩了。

He is not the man (that) he seems.他这人不可貌相。

(5) 当先行词为who或句中有who，which等疑问代词时。例如：

Who that has common sense will believe such nonsense?有常识的人谁会相信这种无稽之谈？

Who is the man that is standing by the gate?站在门口的那个人是谁？

Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?哪件T恤衫最适合我？