一. 人称代词

人称代词有主格和宾格之分，主格在句中作主语、表语等成分，宾格在句中作动词、介词宾语、同位语等成分，有时也可作表语。不仅指人，也可指物，有人称和数的变化。

【注意】在连词than和as引导的比较状语从句中常常省略从句，只保留人称代词，人称代词作主语时要用主格，在口语中也常用宾格；但当人称代词后有动词时就必须用主格。如：

My sister speaks English as well as me/I. (口语中常用me)

My sister speaks English as well as I do. (此时只能用I)

二. 物主代词

1．物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，必须与所指的名词在人称、数和性别方面保持一致。如：

The waiters offered their food to the homeless man.

【注意】单数阳性名词和单数阴性名词连用作主语时，如果前面有every，each修饰，谓语动词用单数，代词用his。如：

Each boy and each girl wants to lend his raincoat to the soldiers.

2. 形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，只能作名词或动名词的定语。

e.g. This is our classroom.

Would you mind my opening the window?

3. 名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词＋名词”，可单独作主语、宾语、表语。此外，名词性物主代词还可与名词及of连用，构成双重所有格。如：

This is her coat. Mine is over there.

Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party.

三. 反身代词

1. 反身代词通常在enjoy, teach, hurt, buy, introduce, seat, dress, express, amuse, behave等动词和by, for, to, of等介词后作宾语。如：

He was left at home by himself the whole day yesterday.

2. 反身代词可以作主语的同位语，主要起加强语气的作用，意为“亲自，本人，亲身”。

e.g. The teacher and pupils mended the road themselves.

3. 反身代词可以在be, feel, look, seem等系动词后作表语，表示身体或精神状态处于正常。

e.g. —You look pale. What’s wrong with you?

—I’m not feeling myself today, not serious, though.

注意：

(1)反身代词本身不能单独作主语。

(正) I myself drove the car.　我自己开车。

(误) Myself drove the car.

(2) 在由and, or, nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself作主语。

e.g. Charles and myself saw it.

(3) 在不强调的情况下，but, except, for等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词均可。

e.g. No one but myself/me is hurt.


4. 反身代词的习惯搭配

(1) 介词+反身代词

for oneself 为自己；亲自地

to oneself 对自己；独用

of oneself 自动地

by oneself 独自地

(2) 动词＋反身代词

dress oneself 自己穿衣

make oneself at home 不要客气

seat oneself=be seated 就坐

teach oneself 自学

come to oneself 苏醒

devote oneself to = be devoted to 致力于

enjoy oneself 过得愉快，玩得高兴

help oneself to 自行取用，请自便

accustom oneself to=be accustomed to 习惯于

amuse oneself 消遣，自娱

behave oneself 表现良好

apply oneself to sth. 致力于

explain oneself 说明自己的意图

express oneself 表达自己的思想

abandon oneself to 沉迷于，放纵

四. 指示代词

1. 指上文提到的事物，一般用that，有时也用this；指下文将要提到的事物，常用this或these。如：

He said I was lying, and that was unfair. (that指代上文He said I was lying)

What I want you to remember is this：Practise makes perfect. (此句中this指代下文，不能换为that)

2. that/those可作定语从句的先行词，但this/these不能；其中those可指人，但that不能。

如：She has known that which she wanted to know.

I admire those who are always helping others. (those作定语从句的先行词，指人)

五. 相互代词

相互代词是表示相互关系的代词，只有each other和one another两个词组，都表示“互相，相互”。

1. each other和one another在句中可以作动词或介词的宾语。如：

Let’s help each other and learn from each other.

They looked at one another and laughed.

2. 作定语时each other和one another须用所有格，表示“彼此的”。如：

We said hello to one another’s/each other’s family.

六. 疑问代词

1. 疑问代词后接-ever的用法。

(1) whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever表泛指，意为“无论……”。如：

You have our support, whatever you decide.

Whichever of you gets here first will get the prize.

I don’t want to see them, whoever they are.

(2) 置于疑问代词后，用于加强语气。如：

Whatever do you mean?

Whoever heard of such a thing!

2. 疑问代词的单复数形式要由所代表的人或事物的单复数形式来确定，如果不清楚代表的人或物是复数还是单数，则谓语动词多用单数形式。who/what/which作主语时，谓语动词既可以用单数形式，也可以用复数形式。如：

What he needs most is his mother’s love.

What we need are good books.

七. 复合不定代词

1. 修饰不定代词的形容词应后置。

e.g. Is there anything wrong with my car?

2. 复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词往往用第三人称单数形式。

3. 复合不定代词构成的固定短语：

anything but根本不，一点也不nothing but只不过do nothing but 只有，除……之外什么事也不做have something/nothing to do with 与……有/无关something of有点，有几分

八. 全部否定与部分否定

由some和any构成的不定代词的用法与some和any的用法基本一致。all, both, everyone, everybody, everything以及“every＋名词”都表示全部肯定；no one, none, nobody, nothing, not...any以及“no＋名词”都表示全部否定；

但当not出现在含有全部肯定的不定代词的句子中，不管not在它们之前还是在它们之后都表示部分否定。此外not与总括性副词如everywhere, always, wholly, altogether等连用时也表示部分否定。

e.g. All of the boys are clever, but none of them can work out this problem. (all表示全部肯定，none表示全部否定)

Such a thing can’t be found everywhere. (“not＋everywhere”表示部分否定)

The exam is very easy, but not all of the students can pass it. (“not＋all”表示部分否定)