I. 名词性从句的定义:在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。
II. 名词性从句的分类:名词从句起名词作用, 它们在复合句中担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它们在句中不同的语法功能,可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。因这些从句都为名词性从句,所以它们的用法基本相同。
III. 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
1. 连接词:that, whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分)
2. 连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.
(在句中承担主语,宾语,表语,定语成份)
3. 连接副词:when, where, how, why(在句中承担状语成份)
IV. 名词性从句的基本用法:
1.陈述句作名词性从句:
用连词“that”来引导,又称“that-从句”。 that只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义。 “that-从句”在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语。很少作介词的宾语,只用在except, but后。其它一些介词后面如果用由连词that引导的宾语从句,需用it先行一步,作形式宾语。
例如:
① That he is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气。(主语)
② Oliver believes that with a million pound bank note a man could survive a month in London.
奥利弗相信一个身上带着一张百万英磅钞票的人能够在伦敦生存一个月。(宾语)
③ I’m afraid I don’t quite follow you, sir.
我恐怕还是没太听懂你的话,先生。(形容词宾语)
④ The fact is that I earn my passage by working as an unpaid hand, which accounts for my appearance.
事实是我靠做义工来顶船费,这就是导致我现在这个样子的原因。 (表语)
⑤ The thought that they could cross the whole continent was exciting.
横穿整个大陆的想法很是令人兴奋。(同位语)
⑥ He is a good student except that he is careless.
他是一个好学生,只是有点粗心。(介词except的宾语)
⑦ You may rely on it that I shall help you.
你可以指望我会帮助你的。(介词on的宾语,前面用it作形式宾语)
注:引导主语从句放置句首,同位语从句,表语从句和介词宾语从句的连词“that”不可省略。如上例①④⑤⑥⑦
2. 特殊疑问句或感叹句作名词性从句:
由原特殊疑问句或感叹句中的疑问词或感叹词转化为连接代词和连接副词引起,后接陈述语序。又称“wh-从句”。“Wh-从句”的语法功能除了和“that-从句”一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语。例如:
① Why they suddenlydisappeared still remains a mystery.
他们(恐龙)为什么突然消失仍然是一个迷。(主语)
② May we ask what you’re doing in this country and what your plans are?.
我们可以问一下你在这个国家干什么还有你有什么计划吗?(宾语)
③ The club will give whoever wins a prize.
俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。(间接宾语)
④ My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.
我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。(表语)
⑤ She will name him whatever she wants to.
她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。(宾语补足语)
⑥ I have no idea when he will return.
我不知道他什么时候回来。(同位语)
⑦ I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.
我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。(形容词宾语)
⑧ That depends on where we shall go.
那取决于我们去哪儿。(介词宾语)
3.一般疑问句或选择疑问句作名词性从句:
由连词 if, whether或 if/whether…or或whether…or not构引导,后接陈述语序。其功能和wh-从句的功能相同。例如:
① Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.
在未来的数百年,生命能否在地球是延续取决于这个问题(地球变热)能否得到解决。(主语,宾语)
② I didn’t know whether I could survive until morning.
我不知道是否能活到早晨。(宾语)
③ The point is whether we should lend him the money.
问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。(表语)
④They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.
他们调查他是否值得信赖。(同位语)
⑤ She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come.
她怀疑我们是否能够前来。(形容词宾语)
⑥ I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.
我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。(介词宾语)
⑦ Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish.
请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。(宾语)(选择问句)
⑧ I don't care whether you like the plan or not.
我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。(宾语)(选择问句)
注:whether与if 区别:下列情况whether 不能被if 取代:
1). whether引导主语从句, 并放在句首
2). whether引导表语从句和同位语从语时
3). whether从句作介词宾语
4). “whether...or not”
4. 形式主语的使用:
名词性从句作主语,如果谓语部分较短时,为了避免头重脚轻,通常用it作形式主语,而将主语从句置于句末,例如:
① It is well-known that Americans like to eat a lot.
大家都知道,许多美国人喜欢吃得多。
② It's a pity that you should have to leave.
你非走不可真是件憾事。
③ It is not yet decided who will do that job.
还没决定谁做这项工作。
④ It’s amazing how much pleasure you get out of the simple things in life, especially if you can’t have them for a while.
从生活中如此简单的东西之中竟能得到这么大的乐趣,真是令人吃惊,特别是当你暂时吃不到这些东西的时候。
⑤ The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.
地球变的得激烈动荡,不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。
⑥ It is still unknown which team will win the match.
5.形式宾语的使用:
当名词性从句作宾语,如后面有宾语补足语时,必须在宾语的位置上用it作形式宾语,而把宾语从句放置宾语补足语后面。
如:We found it important that we study English well.
V. 特殊的名词性从句:
1) 在系动词look/seem/appear后as if/as though引起的表语从句
He looked as if he has won the first prize.
他看上去已经获得了一等奖。
2)在系动词 is 后常可跟 because 引起的表语从句:
比较:A.The reason is that…
B.That is why (because)…
这里that和why (because) 引导的都为表语从句。例如:
① The reason is that he didn't catch the bus.
理由是他没有赶上公共汽车。
② We know you are hard-working. That is why we have given you the letter.
我们知道你工作很卖力,这正是我们给你这封信的原因。
③ That is because he didn't catch the bus.
那是因为他没有赶上公共汽车。
VI. 关系代词型的连接代词
1). What(ever) 和 whoever 引导主语从句,宾语从句和表语从句时,不但起连接作用, 而且意义上相当于一个定语从句:What(ever) =the things that... “…的事物”; Whoever =the people who... “…的人”; (whichever =whatever/whoever, 但whichever 有范围限制)因此这两个词又可称之为:关系代词型的连接代词
① What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.
What=the thing that更为重要的事是地球在冷却下来时,水就开始出现在它的表面。
② You must come whenever you want and have whatever you like.
whatever=anything that ...吃你喜欢吃的任何东西。
③ Whoever comes will be welcome.
whoever=the person who 谁来都欢迎。
④ Whichever you want is yours.
(whichever=anyone/anything that )你要哪一个,哪一个就是你的。
比较whoever与who 引起的从句意义的区别:Whoever引起的从句意义应为“人”;而Who 引起的从句意义应为“事”请用 who或 whoever填空。
A. ____ caused the accident was very careless.
B. ____ caused the accident is a secret.
2). Which(ever), what(ever), who(ever) 的区别:
Which(ever)使用时必须要有范围限制;what(ever), who(ever)不能受范围限制。
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