有网友问:The scientist from whom the government heard the bad news never lost heart when he was in trouble. 这个句子中,为何不说lose a heart, lose the heart, 或者lose his heart呢?
heart本来是可数名词,意为“心;心脏”:Your heart is the organ in your chest that pumps the blood around your body. 在lose heart中,为何不加任何冠词或者物主代词呢?原来,这就是可数名词heart的抽象用法。下面,请仔细体味它的几个抽象用法,均来自权威词典:
If you lose heart, you become sad and depressed and are no longer interested in something. (lose heart:失去信心;灰心,泄气)
If you take heart from something, you are encouraged and made to feel optimistic by it. (take heart from:从…得到鼓舞;因…振作精神)
If something gives you heart, it makes you feel more confident or happy about something. (give sb. heart:鼓励某人;让某人振作起来)
If you know something such as a poem by heart, you have learned it so well that you can remember it without having to read it.(by heart:背诵出;靠记忆)
通过以上对heart的诠释,我们发现,在这些短语中heart一词已经完全失去了它原有的本义,而被赋予了比喻和抽象的意义(信心;记忆)。又如:Although he failed in this entrance examination, he didn’t lose heart. 这次入学考试他虽名落孙山,但他并不气馁。
假如heart之前使用了冠词或者物主代词,那么就是它的具体意义,这时句子还能讲得通吗?
此外,我们还见过lose face这个词组。同理,这里的face也不是指具体的“脸”,而是比喻抽象的“面子,尊严”。例如:
If Tom doesn’t keep his promise, he’ll lose face. 如果汤姆不信守诺言,他就会丢面子。
His careless work made him lose face with his teacher. 他工作疏忽使他在老师面前丢脸。
目前一个普遍现象就是,语法书、教辅书和语法文章都喜欢讨论“物质名词和抽象名词转化为可数名词”的用法,然而,很少涉猎“可数名词的比喻用法和抽象用法”。例如:
抽象名词的具体化:
help 帮助→a help 帮手
pleasure快乐→a pleasure快乐的事
success成功→a success成功者或成功的事
failure失败→a failure失败者或失利的事
beauty美丽→a beauty美人或美丽的事物
surprise惊奇→a surprise令人惊奇的事
honor荣幸→an honor令人感到荣耀的人或事
comfort舒适→a comfort令人感到安慰的人或事
shame羞耻→a shame令人感到可惜(耻)的人或事
regret遗憾→a regret令人感到遗憾的事
joy高兴→a joy令人高兴的人或事
danger危险→a danger令人感到危险的人或事
pity遗憾→a pity令人遗憾的人或事
youth青春→a youth青年人
disappointment 失望→a disappointment令人失望的事
物质名词的具体化、种类化或数量化:
wind风→a mild wind一阵微风
rain雨→a heavy rain一场大雨
snow雪→a light snow一场小雪
food食物→ a junk food一种垃圾食品
fruit水果→a fruit一种水果
tea茶→a tea一杯茶→a special tea一种特制的茶
beer啤酒→a beer一杯啤酒
coffee咖啡→a coffee一杯咖啡
glass玻璃→a glass一个玻璃杯
stone石头→a stone一块石头
paper纸→a paper一份论文、报纸、试卷
cold寒冷→a bad cold重感冒
以上为“物质名词和抽象名词转化为可数名词”的一些情况。现在,我们回到本文即将论述的问题。除了lose heart, lose face之外,还有那些情况属于可数名词的抽象用法?
在教学过程中,我们经常还碰到go to school / go to the school, in church / in the church, sit at table / sit at the table, in office / in the office等诸如此类的词组(或句子),当然大家都知道它们的区别。语法书在讲冠词的时候,也都举一些类似的例子以示区别。但往往只说现象,不说理由(或只说是习惯用法)。
大家知道,可数名词在单数情况下,使用时前面应加冠词,若无冠词,则加其他限定词如my, his, Tom’s等,但在实际语言中,确实存在着许多可数名词用作抽象意义的现象。如:
He goes to school every day except Sunday. 除了星期天他每天都去上学。
He sometimes goes to the school to attend a teacher-parent meeting. 他有时候去学校参加家长会。
同样是school,为什么前者不加冠词?为什么后者加了冠词?通过分析可知,不加冠词时强调了它的“社会功能”(是接受教育的地方),是抽象概念;加了冠词表示“具体的场所”,是具体概念。又如:
She went to church last Sunday. 她上周日都去做礼拜了。
She went to the church for a visit yesterday. 她昨天去参观了那所教堂。
The man stayed in prison for almost ten years. 那人蹲了接近10年监狱。
The man stayed in the prison for a night. 那人在监狱里过了一夜。
He went to bed very late last night. 他昨晚睡觉很晚。
He went to the bed to fetch his clothes. 他走向床边取衣服。
The whole family are sitting at table. 全家人正在吃饭。
The whole family sat at the table, chatting. 全家人坐在桌边聊天呢。
Mr. Brown is now out of office due to his old age. 因年龄原因,布朗先生现不在职了。(退休了)
Mr. Brown walked out of the office to get some hot water. 布朗先生走出办公室去取些热水。
又如:
in office在职 in the office在办公室里
in class在上课 in the class在班级里
in store储备中,快要发生 in the store在仓库
live on farm 靠农业为生 live on the farm 居住在农场
leave school 毕业,辍学 leave the school 离开学校
还有,He was ill and had to lie in bed. 此句lie in bed不加冠词,意为“卧床不起”,也是强调了bed的用途属性,是抽象概念,不是指具体的某张床。如果指具体的某张床,则说:The man lay on the bed for a rest. on the bed指“在那张床上”。
交通工具也属这种用法,不加冠词表示“交通方式”,强调了交通工具的“用途属性”,例如:He came by bus. 他乘坐公交车来这儿。加了冠词表示具体的“车辆”,例如:He stood by the bus. They travelled on a red bus. 还有by bike, by car, by bus, by train, by ship, by plane, by boat等。
当然也有例外的情况,例如:hospital(医院)一词,加不加冠词都可以表示“就医,住院”。表现在美国英语中,hospital这个词反而往往要加冠词。例如:
The patient stayed in (the) hospital for almost a year.这个病人住院接近一年。
英语中,一些表示场所、地点的名词,如school, church, prison, office, table, bed等等,不加冠词一般表示抽象的“社会功能或用途属性”,加了冠词往往表示具体的“场所或位置”。
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