“by+名词”的常用固定搭配
by accident 偶然地， 意外地
I met her by accident in a crowded bus. 我意外地在拥挤的公共汽车中遇见她。
We met each other again completely by accident. 我们再次相遇，完全出于偶然。
by air 乘飞机，由航空
Are you going by air or by sea? 你坐飞机还是坐船去？
I shall send the letter by air. 我要由航空寄这封信。
by birth 出生，血统；天生，生来
He’s French by birth. 他是法国血统。
She’s an actor by birth. 她是天生的演员。
by chance 偶然地，无意中
I met him by chance yesterday. 昨天我无意中遇见他。
I met her quite by chance. 我遇见她完全是偶然的。
by cheque / by check 用支票
Are you paying in cash or by cheque? 你付现款还是付支票？
You won’t be able to pay by check if you don’t have your ID card. 如果你没有身份证的话，就不能以支票付款了。
by choice 凭喜爱，出于自愿
I should take this one by choice. 我要选择这个。
I live here by choice. 我自愿选择住在这儿。
by comparison 比较起来，用比较的方法
The old method suffers by comparison. 老方法相形见绌。
This one is really cheaper by comparison. 相比之下，这个确实便宜。
by contrast 对比之下
She had almost failed the exam, but her sister, by contrast, had done very well. 她考试差点不及格，而她的妹妹相比之下考得很好。
The technology sector is doing badly. Old economy stocks, by contrast, are performing well again. 技术行业表现很差。对比之下，传统经济股则再次表现良好。
【注】若表示“与……相比”，则说by contrast with。如：
Tom’s marks by contrast with Harry’s marks were excellent. 与哈利的分数相比，汤姆的分数算得上优秀。
by day 在白天，趁白天
They don’t work by day but by night. 他们白天不工作，晚上工作。
Do you prefer traveling by day or by night? 你喜欢在白天还是在夜晚行路？
【注】该短语通常与by night对比使用；另外，注意它与by the day（按日计算）意思不同。如：
They got paid by the day. 他们拿日薪。
by degrees 逐渐地，慢慢地
She is getting better by degrees. 她（的身体）逐渐好转。
By degrees their friendship grew into love. 他们的友谊慢慢地变为爱情。
by design 故意地，蓄意地
Did you do this by design? 你是不是故意做这件事的？
He was there by design, not by accident, as we had at first supposed. 他到那里去是有意图的，并不像我们当初所猜想的那样出于偶然。
【注】该短语习惯上是用介词by，不要受on purpose（故意地）的影响，而误用介词on。比较by chance（无意地）和by accident（无意地），两者均用by。
by force 凭暴力，用武力，强迫地
He obtained her consent by force. 他靠强迫手段取得了她的同意。
They occupied by force the whole territory of Czecho . 他们用武力侵占了捷克斯洛伐克的全部国土。
by hand 手工制的，（信）由专人送的
Her sweater is knitted by hand. 她的毛衣是手工编织的。
The letter was delivered by hand. 这封信是专人递送的。
by heart 记住，背下
I must get this poem by heart. 我得把这首诗背下来。
Learning lists of words off by heart isn’t a good way to increase your vocabulary. 背诵单词表不是扩大词汇量的好方法。
by halves 半途而废地，不完全地
Never do things by halves. 做事绝对不要半途而废。
We do nothing by halves. 我们做事从不半途而废。
by inches 差一点，一点一点地
The car missed me by inches. 汽车差一点撞到我。
He is dying by inches. 他奄奄一息。
by land 由陆路
Some came by land and some by water. 一些人由陆路来，一些人从水路来。
The journey to the far side of the island is quicker by land than by sea. 走陆路至海岛的另一端比从海路走快捷。
by mistake 错误地
I used your towel by mistake. 我误用了你的毛巾。
A letter for me was left by mistake at his desk. 我的信被错放在他的书桌上。
by name 名叫；用名字
A strange man, Fred by name, came to see me. 有个名叫弗雷德的陌生人来找我。
The teacher knows all his students by name. 这位老师叫得出所有学生的名字。
by nature 生来，天生
That man is proud by nature. 那个人生性骄傲。
He is by nature kind and generous. 他是个天生仁慈和宽宏大量的人。
by night 在夜间，利用夜间
What do you think of Paris by night? 你认为巴黎的夜景如何？
These animals sleep by day and hunt by night. 这些动物日间睡觉，夜间猎食。
【注】该短语通常与by day对比使用。
by oneself 独自地，单独地
One can’t play chess by oneself. 一个人不能单独下棋。
She did it all by herself. 这事完全是她独立做的。
by post 邮寄，用邮寄的方式
I’ll send you the book by post. 我会把书寄给你的。
The messages of congratulation by post and telegraph poured in upon him from home and abroad. 贺信和贺电从国内外雪片似地向他飞来。
by rail 由铁路，坐火车
It is faster to send these goods by rail. 由铁路运送这些货物更快些。
I’m afraid of flying—I prefer to travel by rail. 我害怕坐飞机旅行，宁愿坐火车。
by sea 乘船，由海路
We often go home by sea. 我们常坐船回家。
They will travel by sea and land. 他们将经海路及陆路旅行。
by trade 职业是
He’s a mason by trade. 他的职业是石匠。
He is a cobbler by trade. 他是个皮匠。
by turns 轮流地，依序地
We drove the car by turns. 我们轮流开车。
They laughed and cried by turns. 他们一会儿笑一会儿哭。
by water 走水路，乘船
They will send the goods by water. 他们将从水路运送这批货。
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