as是高考英语中的一个高频词汇,其用法相对复杂。学习者通常比较熟悉as作为介词、副词和连词的用法,而对于as用作关系代词的用法知之甚少。实际上,as在引导一个定语从句的时候确确实实充当了代词的功能,所以有的语法书把引导定语从句中的as叫做“准代词”, 此时as在句中充当(主、宾、表)成分且保留其原本词义。as引导定语从句的用法比较固定,一般都有固定的搭配形式,以下作出详细分析。
as引导限定性定语从句
as引导限定性定语从句,通常用于以下三个结构中,as在定语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
(1) so/such ...... as ...... 结构
例句1:Such students as work hard are meant to be somebody in the future. (as在句中充当主语) 如此努力的学生将来一定很有出息。
例句2:I've never seen such an arrogant person as he is. (as在句中充当表语)
我从来没见过像他这样傲慢的人。
例句3:The students raised such a strange question (so strange a question) as all the teachers can't answer. (as在句中充当宾语)
学生提出一个如此奇怪的问题,以至于所有老师都无法回答。
(2) the same ...... as ...... 结构
例句1:We are all faced with the same environmental problem as is caused by the serious air pollution.(as在句中充当主语)
我们都面临相同的由于空气污染所造成的环境问题。
例句2:He is not the same naughty boy as we knew.(as在句中充当宾语)
他现在已经不是我们曾经认识的那个淘气的小孩了。
例句3:He is not the same naughty boy as we assured him to be.(as在句中充当表语)
他再也不是我们曾经认为的那个淘气小男孩了。
(3) as ...... as ...... 结构
例句:As many students as were absent from class were punished by their headmaster.(后面的as在定语从句中充当主语)
所有逃课的学生都被校长处罚了。
as引导非限定性定语从句
在非限定性定语从句中,如果要指代前面一个完整的句子或者一个分局,定语从句可以用as和which来引导。但是as和which有三点不同之处:
(1) as位置比较灵活可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后,甚至可以作为插入语放在主句中;而which 却只能在主句后。
例句1:Smoking is harmful to our physical health, which we all know.
As we all know, smoking is harmful to our physical health.
我们都知道吸烟有害身体健康。
例句2:There is, as has been verified, a increasing number of students dropping out of school and working in the big city.
据证实,越来越多的学生都辍学在大城市打工。
(2) as/which引导非限定性定语从句放在主句后时也有一定区别。因为as本身词义为“正如....”,“就像....”,所以,当从句的陈述是顺着主句的意思时就用as引导;而当从句的句意是对主句内容进行反面的阐述或转折时就用which引导。
例句1:He chose to be a teacher, as was expected.
正如我们所料,他选择了当一名老师。
注释:本来大家都认为是这样,所以从句是顺着主句的意思下来的。
例句2:He chose to be a teacher, which is out of our expectation.
出乎我们意料,他竟然当了一名老师。
注释:本来都不认为他会当老师,但是他却这么做了。从句时对主句的反面的阐述。
(3) 由于as本身的词义所致,当引导词是从句中动作、行为的主体(即在从句中充当主语)时,只能用which引导。
例句:Foreign trade is a double-edged sword, which offers us more opportunities and at the same time brings us more pressure.
对外贸易是一把双刃剑,给予我们更多机会的同时也给我们带来了更多的压力。
注释:此时which是offer和bring这个动作的主体,而as的词义是“正如...”“就像...”,在此处跟主句陈述的意思不符。
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