Are these your pens?

结构︰问句：Be 动词＋主词＋所有格＋名词…？

答句：Yes／No，主词＋be／not＋所有代名词。

说明︰<名词>的<所有格>和<所有代名词>完全相同，都是在<名词>的后面加（’s）。

Are these Mary’s pens? No, they are not hers. 这些是玛丽的笔吗？不，它们不是她的。

Are those Bob’s books? Yes, they’re his. 那些是鲍伯的书吗？是的，它们是他的。

Is this your parents’ apartment? No, it’s my brother’s. 这是你双亲的公寓吗？不，它是我兄弟的。

One/Each of the ...

结构︰One／Each of the＋复数名词（或代名词）＋单数动词…。

说明︰此句型意为“…其中之一（每一个）…”。one，each 为<不定代名词>，one (each) of 指“二者以上”的每一个；跟随 of 表示限定范围的若为<名词>，则<名词>前须加 the，若为复数 <代名词>，前面不加 the。该结构中<动词>须用单数。

One of the boys is nice. 这些男孩之中有一位是好的。

One of them needs a new jacket. 他们之中有一位需要一件新夹克。

Each of the theaters has different movies. 每家电影院都上映不同的电影。

Both of the girls are ...

结构︰Both／Three／Some／Many／All of the＋复数名词（或代名词）＋复数动词＋…。

说明︰此句型意为“…其中两个（三个，一些，许多，全部）…”。both，three，some，many，all都是<不定代名词>；若跟随 of 表示限定范围的为复数<代名词>，则<代名词>前不加 the。该结构中<动词>须用复数。

Both of the girls are nice. 这两位女孩是好的。

Many of the supermarkets are having sales. 很多这些超级市场正在举行拍卖。

Three of the students came here yesterday. 这些学生中有三位昨天来这里。

... who ...

结构︰主词（人）＋关系代名词（Who）＋动词＋…。

说明︰who 是主格<关系代名词>，引导<形容词子句>，前面的先行词接“人”，后面接<动词>，必须和先行词保持一致。who 可用 that 代替。

The man who called was tired. 打电话的那个男人是疲倦的。

The boy who is speaking to Helen enjoys playing soccer. 正在跟海伦谈话的那男孩喜爱踢足球。

People who use their free time well are usually healthy and happy.

善于利用空闲时间的人通常健康又快乐。

... which ...

结构︰主词＋动词＋名词（物）＋关系代名词（which）＋动词…。

说明︰which 可作主格或受格<关系代名词>，引导<形容词子句>，前面的先行词接“动物”或“事物”，后面接<动词>，必须和先行词保持一致。

Here is a book, which is very interesting. 这里有一本非常有趣的书。

I like to watch TV programs which are about sports.我喜欢观赏有关运动的电视节目。

They want to sell the house, which has only one door.他们想卖掉那幢只有一扇门的房子。

... by oneself ...

结构︰主词（人，物）＋动词＋by oneself…。

说明︰此句型意为“某人（物）自己…”。反身<代名词>的人称、数和性别，须和相关的<主词>一致。

They went to Suao by themselves. 他们自己去苏澳。

John fixed the tape recorder by himself. 约翰靠他自己修理录音机。

You can’t go mountain climbing by yourself. 你不能自己去登山。

... that/those of ...

结构︰that／those of 作为避免重复的代名词

说明︰英文句构中，两个<名词>对称而形成<比较>的情况时，为避免重复，第二个<名词>若为单数，就改为<代名词> that；若为复数，则改为<代名词> those。不过在遇到<所有格>时，可使用<所有格>的<名词>形态取代 that 或 those。

The population of Tokyo is larger than that of London. 东京的人口比伦敦的多。

The climate here is like that of Taipei. 这儿的气候和台北非常相似。

His children are well bred, whereas those of his sister are naughty.

他的孩子很有教养，但他姊姊的孩子却调皮得很。

The students work harder than those of our school. 这些学生比我们学校的学生用功。

His car is bigger than mine. 他的车比我的大。

the former ... the latter

结构︰the former ... the latter ...

说明︰此句型意为“前者…后者…”。可代替单复数<名词>，而“that（指前者）… this（指后者）…”或“the one（指前者）…the other（指后者）…”，只能代替单数<名词>。若两个<名词>均为复数时，也可用“those ... these ...”取代“the former ... the latter ...”。

Virtue and vice are two different things: the former/that/the one leads to peace, the latter/this/the other to misery. 美德与邪恶是不同的，前者带来和平，后者导致痛苦。

Man differs from beasts in that the former is able to laugh, while the latter aren’t.

人不同于野兽，因前者能笑，而后者却不能。

Jane and Mary are good friends; the former is a teacher, the latter is a nurse.

珍和玛丽是好朋友，前者是老师，后者是护士。

Dogs are more faithful animals than cats; these attach themselves to places, and those to persons.

狗比猫忠心，后者依恋地方，前者依恋人。