英语独立主格结构说明
一、独立主格结构的特点
独立主格结构是一个名词或代词(作为逻辑主语),加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点:
(1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
(2) 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
(3) 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开,但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构的用法
它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
(1) 作时间状语
The work done(=After the work had been done) , we went home. 工作完成后,我们才回家。
(2) 作条件状语
Weather permitting(=If weather permits) , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
(3) 作原因状语
An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow) , the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
(4) 作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head) . 他躺在草地上,两手交叉枕在脑后。
(5) 表补充说明
A hunter came in, his face red with cold(=and his face was red with cold) . 一个猎人走了进来,他的脸冻得通红。
注:独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。
三、使用独立主格结构的注意事项
(1) 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。如:
After class was over (=Class being over/Class over) , the students soon left the classroom. 下课后,学生很快离开了课室。
(2) 在下列两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略:
a. 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:
It being Sunday, we went to church. 因为是星期天,我们去了做礼拜。
b. 在There being+名词的结构中。如:
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。
(3) 在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如:
Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 史密斯先生走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。
(比较with的复合结构:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. )
(4) 独立主格结构没有所有格形式。如:
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了,我们开始开会。
(比较动名词复合结构:The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised. )
(5) 独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时,可用完成时,表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如:
The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began. 听众坐好后,音乐会开始了。
Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed. 由于汤姆一再迟到,他的老板非常失望。
独立主格结构的构成和特点
(一): 独立主格结构的构成:
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;
名词(代词)+形容词;
名词(代词)+副词;
名词(代词)+不定式;
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
(二) 独立主格结构的特点:
1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系。
3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例:
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了,我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后,我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆。
独立主格的形式与句法功能
一、独立主格结构的形式
英语中,独立主格结构的形式是:名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起,构成独立主格结构。
1. 名词 / 代词 + 不定式。如:
A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子,我们必须节省每一分钱。
Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了,魏方明天到。
2. 名词 / 代词 + -ing分词。如:
The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了,我们应该把一切事情准备好。
Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了,李蕾非常焦急。
3. 名词 / 代词 + 动词的过去分词。如:
His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了,他就用碗来代替。
4. 名词 / 代词 + 形容词。如:
The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥,我们应该小心。
5. 名词 / 代词 + 副词。如:
The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后,我们都出去玩。
6. 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语。如:
Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜,他问他的眼镜哪去了。
二、独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句子中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。
1. 作时间状语
School over, the students went home. 放学后,学生们都回家了。
The ceremony ended, the games began. 仪式结束后,比赛开始了。
2. 作条件状语
It being fine tomorrow, we’ll go boating. 如果明天天气好的话,我们就去划船。
Li Lei coming, it is not necessary to ask Wu Dong. 如果李蕾来的话,就没有必要叫吴东了。
3. 作原因状语
The meeting being put off, we needn’t hurry. 由于会议推迟了,我们就没有必要匆忙了。
Mr. Li being ill, Miss Yang will give us this lesson instead. 李老师病了,杨老师将代他来给我们上这堂课。
4. 作伴随状语
Mr. Li comes here, a book in his hand. 李先生手里拿着书过来了。
A smile on her face, she asked what she could do for us. 她面带微笑问道我们要什么。
5. 作定语
He had maybe a thousand tapes, all neatly labelled and catalogued. 他大约有1,000盒磁带,都整齐地贴着标签并分了类。
We produce our own hair-care products, all based on herbal recipes. 我们自己生产护发产品,全部采用草本配方。
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