too...to 结构是初中英语中一个非常重要的知识点,在中考中多次出现在单选和阅读理解文章中,也是初中英语老师强调同学们记忆练习的一个重点。

如果你只记得too...to结构表示否定含义,能在平常做题和使用中常常感到困惑。不过没有关系,经过今天的梳理,多加练习,完全可以保证在考试中不受到迷惑,不丢分了。

一般而言,too...to结构表达一种否定意义,在少数特殊情况下,也可能表达肯定意义。我们今天就来梳理,too...to表达否定含义的5种句型,与…enough to... 结构及so... that...结构之间的转换,以及too...to表达肯定含义的几种特殊情况。

一、too…to…结构表示否定含义

表示否定意义,在翻译时,通常可译为“太……而不能……”、“太……无法……”。常用的句型有五种。

1.“主语(人)+谓语动词+too+形容词/ 副词+to do sth.”这个句型是too...to结构最基本的常用句型。主语是动词不定式的执行者,too后接形容词或副词原级,有时too后也可跟一个起形容词作用的过去分词,to后接动词原形。

The boy is too young to go to school. 这男孩年龄太小,不能上学。

He walks too slowly to get there on time. 他走得太慢,不能按时到达那儿。

2.“主语(物)+谓语动词+too+形容词/ 副词+ to do ”这个句型也是too...to结构最基本的常用句型。主语是动词不定式的承受者,此时用主动式表示被动涵义。在这个句型中,句子的主语和不定式的宾语是指同一个事物,则宾语不能重复,必须省掉。如:

The hat is too large to wear. 这帽子太大,没法戴。

The tea is too hot to drink. 茶太热,不能喝

3.“主语(物)+谓语动词+too+形容词/ 副词+ to be done”,这是“too...to”结构中主语是不定式动作的承受者,动词不定式用被动式,后不能带宾语。如:

The tea is too hot to be drunk.茶太热,不能喝。

The shoes are too badly broken to be mended.这些鞋子破烂得不能修补。

4.当句子的主语与动词不定式的逻辑主语不一样时,要用句型“主语+谓语动词+too+形容词/ 副词+for sb +to do ”,在这个句型中,句子主语和不定式的宾语是指同一个事物,则宾语不能重复,必须省掉。如果句子的主语是物时,for sb.可以省略,并不会影响句子否定意义的表达。如:

这个箱子太重,我搬不动。

误:This box is too heavy for me to carry it.

正:This box is too heavy for me to carry.

这辆小汽车太贵,他买不起。

误:The car is too expensive for him to buy it.

正:The car is too expensive for him(to buy).

5.too+adj.+a(an)+n.+to do /to be done,这个句型在too+形容词后再接一个带不定冠词的名词,不定冠词一定要放在形容词后,只有当too后形容词修饰一个可数名词时,才可以在形容词与名词间加不定冠词“a/an”。当句子主语是动词不定式的执行者时,用to do主动式,当主语是动词不定式的承受者时,则用to be done被动式。如:

He's too experienced an artist to mind what the critics say.

=As an artist he's too experienced to mind what the critics say.

他是个经验非常丰富的艺术家,不会介意批评家说些什么。

He is too experienced an artist to be worried by what the critics say.

他是一个经验非常丰富的艺术家,不至于为批评家们的议论而担忧。

二、too…to…结构表示否定含义时,可以与…enough to... 结构及so... that...结构相互转换。

1.将too...to...结构转换为…enough to... 结构时,要注意:

⑴ enough 前的形容词或副词应是too后面形容词或副词的反义词;

⑵ …enough to... 句式须用否定式;

⑶ too... to...结构有逻辑主语时,…enough to... 结构也要加上逻辑主语。

She is too young to do the work. = She isn't old enough to do the work.

The problem is too hard for him to work out.

= The problem isn't easy enough for him to work out.

逻辑主语:是非谓语动词动作的执行者或承受者;它们在逻辑上存在着主谓关系或动宾关系,但不能直接作非谓语动词的主语,因此叫逻辑主语。

a、 句子主语

句子主语就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语,它们之间是逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系,例如:He likes helping others . (he 是helping 的逻辑主语)

Moved by his words , I told him all the news . (I 是moved 的逻辑主语)

b、介词to , of 或for的宾语

介词to , of 或for的宾语就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语。例如:

It's kind of you to tell me the news . (you 是to tell 的逻辑主语)

It is impossible for you to finish so much work in so short a time . (you 是to finish 的逻辑主语)

c、复合结构中的宾语

复合结构中的宾语就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语。例如:

The teacher asked me to answer his question . (me 是to answer 的逻辑主语)

I saw him playing at the river side . (him 是playing 的逻辑主语)

2.将too...to...结构转换为so... that... 结构时,要注意:

⑴ so... that... 结构是复合句,so后面接too后的形容词或副词,that后面接从句,too…to…结构中没有逻辑主语时,that后面从句的主语要用原too…to…结构中的主语;too... to...结构有逻辑主语时,逻辑主语就变成that从句的主语。

⑵ that后面的从句要用否定形式。

She is too young to go to school. = She is so young that she can't go to school.

The problem is too hard for him to work out.

= The problem is so hard that he can’t work out.

三、too...to结构表示肯定意义

1.“too...to”结构之前带有but, only, all, never, not时,是强调肯定的表示法,译作“非常……、十分……、实在……、真是太……”等

I am but too glad to do so. 我非常喜欢这样做。

We are only too happy to live in China. 生活在中国,我们太幸福了。

They are all too satisfied to go and do this work. 他们很乐意地去做这项工作。

You're never too old to enjoy a Christmas stocking.

你绝对不会老得不能获得圣诞长袜带来的快乐。

English is not too difficult to learn.英语并不难学。

2.“too...to”结构中带有表示某种心情或描绘性的形容词或副词,如glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,ready,willing,good,true,near,careful,well,early,delicious, ready, eager, satisfied, inclined, kind, willing, easy, anxious等加动词不定式结合成一个不可分割的状态、态度、倾向或心情等,并且其后的不定式不是说明too的具体内容,而是修饰形容词,故不定式不再表示结果。如:

Comrade Lei Feng was too ready to help others.雷锋同志乐于助人。

The old woman is too apt to forget.这位老太太太健忘了。

We are too willing to be scientists.我们太想当科学家了。

He is too inclined to be cheated.他很容易上当受骗。

He was too anxious to do this job.他非常想干这件工作。

She is too hard to deal with.她极难相处。

I am too eager to have a world travel.我很想有一次环球旅行。

It's too kind of you to tell me that.

=You are very kind to tell me that.你告诉我那件事真是太好了。

3.在“too...to”结构中,不定式为否定式时,是构成的双重否定,其意为“非常(很,太,那么)……不会不(必定能,所以能)……”,表示肯定意义。

He is too kind not to help you.他很善良,不会不帮助你。

English is not too difficult to learn.

英语并不太难学.

He is too wise not to see that.

他很聪明,不会不懂这一点.

The girl is too careful not to do it well.这姑娘很细心,完全能干好那件事。

4、与cannot连用时.(不能写成can not)

You cannot be too careful(=You can never be careful enough) to do your homework.

你做作业越仔细越好(=无论怎样仔细也不过分).

5、和never 在一起使用时并不表示否定。“never / not too …to”这一结构意思是“不太……所以能……”。双重否定表示肯定意义。

One is never too old to learn.

活到老,学到老。

It is never too late to mend.

亡羊补牢,犹为未晚。

Tom didn't get up too late to catch the early train.

汤姆起得早,赶上了早班火车。

综上所述,“too...to”结构具有表示否定、肯定两种意义的功能。因此,在遇到“too...to”结构的句子时,必须根据上下文的意思支理解,在特定的环境中,弄通各种成分之间的内在关系,灵活而具体地处理,才能掌握比较准确的意义,死板地将一些特别的语言现象去套某某公式,难免出现认识上的僵化,理解也常会出错,不能达到灵活掌握和运用英语的教学效果。

初中英语中too...to的用法变化和含义,真不像你想的那么简单