状语从句

一.时间状语从句

在句中作状语的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句都是由从属连词引导的。它与主句连接,位于句首时,常用逗号分开;位于句末时,其前一般不用逗号。状语从句可根据其用途可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语、比较状语从句、方式状语从句九种。

1.where的用法

(1)when意为“在……时”“在....之后”,引导时间状语从句,表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生。

I feel very happy when you come to see me.

When you are crossing the street,you must be careful.

(2)when引导的时间状语从句中的动词可以是延续性动词,也可以是终止性动词。

He was working at the table when i went in.

I worked for a foreign company when I was in Shanghai.

2.While

while引导时间状语从句时作“当……的时候;与.....同时”讲,从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词或表示状态的动词。

3.as

as引导时间状语从句时表达“正当,一边....一边...,随着”等意思。

(1)表示某事情一发生,另一事立即发生

As the sun rose the fog disappeared.

(2)表示某事发生的过程中另一事发生

As he was speaking there was a loud explosion.

(3)表示两个动作同时进行

He smiled as he passed.

4.before

before引导的时间状语从句通常表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前,之后用after.

5.until/till

(1)until/till引导时间状语从句,主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时,主句用肯定形式表示这一动作或状态一直延续到until/till所表示的时间为止。till和until都表示“直到”,常可换用,但till不用于句首,也不可用于强调句。

(2)主句谓语动词是非延续性动词时,用否定形式表示主句的主句的谓语所表示的动作直到until所表示的时间才发生。构成句式not...until...有时不用not,而用其他如never,nothing等表示否定的词。

6.since

Since引导的时间状语从句,表示“自...以来”,主句用一般现在时或现在完成时,从句用一般过去时。

I have worked for a this company since I graduated from ....

7.as soon as

as soon as引导的从句表示从句的动作一发生,主句的动作随即发生,“一....就....”。该从句经常用一般现在时表示将来。

As soon as he arrives,I’ll tell him.

8.by the time

这个词组常用来指到某一时间点为止,主句常用完成时态。若主句谓语是be的系表形式或像know等表示“认知”的持续性动词,则往往用一般过去时。

By the time you arrived,the lecture had already ended.

By the time he went abroad,he was fourteen.

二.地点状语从句

在句中作地点状语的从句称为地点状语从句,可置于句首、句中或句尾。

1.引导地点状语从句的常用词有where,wherever

Put it where we can see it.

Wherever there is injustice,we’ll try to help.

2.地点状语从句与定语从句间的转化

在where 前加上to/in/from the place(s)或to/in/from any place(s)等构成to/in/from the place(s)where或to/in/from any place(s) where,便可变为定语从句。

Just stay where you are and don’t move.

Just stay in the place where you are and don’t move.(定语从句)

三.原因状语从句

在句中作原因状语的从句称为原因状语从句。原因状语从句可置于句首,也可置于句尾。引导词有because,as ,since,now that等。

1.because

表因果关系的语气最强,用来回答why的问句,所引出的原因往往是说话者所不知道的或最感兴趣的,because引导的原因状语从句往往比主句显得更重要。

2.Since

表示人们已经知道的事实,不需强调的原因,故常译为“既然...”,通常放在句首。Since引导的从句是次要的,重点强调主句的内容。

Since you are free tonight,why not drop in and play chess with me?

3.as

As与since用法差不多,所引出的理由在说话者看来已经很明显,或已为听话人所熟悉而不需用because加以强调。as引导的从句与主句同等重要。

I left a message as you weren’t there.

重点难点:

(1)because语气最强,用来回答why引起的提问,可表示已知的或未知的事实。它可与强调词only,merely,just及否定词not连用,所引导的从句常位于主句之后,只有强调时才置于主句之前。它还可用于强调结构。

(2)as语气最弱,较口语化。多表达的原因比较明显或是已知的事实,故不需要强调。As之前不可用强调词和not,且不可用于强调结构。as从句多置于主句之前。

As it was getting late,I turned around to start for home.由于天色渐晚,我就调头回家了。

(3)since的语气也较弱。常表示地方已知的事实,相当于汉语的“既然”,它和as一样,其前不可用强调词和not,亦不可用于强调结构。

知识拓展:for和上述三个从属连词不同,它是一个并列连词,即连接并列句。它有时可用来作附加说明,为前面的事实提供一种推论的理由。一般把for引起的从句放与主句之后。

We should be more careful,for it is already dark.

4.now (that)

now (that)主要用于口语,表示微弱的原因,主、从句因果关系不明显,译为“既然”。

Now (that) you have come, you may as well stay.

四.目的状语从句

目的状语从句可置于句首、句中或句尾。常用引导词有so that,in order that,for fear that,in case(that),for the purpose that等。

1.in order that与so that

多数情况下两者可以替换,句首不用so that,只用in order that;逗号之后不用so that,只用in order that.

知识拓展:在目的状语从句中常常含有may/might/will/would/shall/should/can/could等。

2.目的状语从句与不定式、介词短语的呼唤

当从句主语与主句主语一致时,可用so as to,in order to

He worked day and night in order that he could succeed.=.....night in order to succeed.

五.结果状语从句

1.So...that....

So...that..引导结果状语从句可以构成如下结构:

adj/adv

many/few(+可数名词复数)

So much/little(+不可数名词) +that+从句

adj+a/an+可数名词单数

2.Such...that..

a/an+adj+可数名词单数

Such+ adj+可数名词复数 +that+从句

adj+不可数名词

知识拓展:so/such....that...引导结果状语从句时可把so/such置于句首,主句用倒装语序。

Such was his worry that he couldn’t go on with his work.

3.so that

六.条件状语从句

条件状语从句可置于句首,也可置于句尾,有时还可置于主语和谓语之间。

1.If

(1)见八年级上unit 10 语法专项

(2)If 引导的条件状语从句所表达的前提或条件将来可以实现或正在进行,动词要用现在完成时或进行时,主句通常用将来时。

I’ll show you how to do it if I have finished the book.

2.Unless=if..not

七.让步状语从句

让步状语从句表示某种与主句相反的条件或情况,但从句所表达的这些不利因素并不能阻止主句动作的发生,即在相反的条件下,主句的情况依然存在。引导让步状语从句的连词有though/although,even though/if,whoever/no matter who,however/no matter how,whatever/no matter what和as

1.though/although

(1)although和though意义一样,都作“虽然,即使”解,都表示让步,一般情况下可互换使用,只是although语气较重,大多置于句首。

Although he was Japanese,he spent most of his life in China.

The article is very important though it is short.

(2)Though可以与yet连用,这里的yet虽然意思与but相同,但yet在这里不是连词,而是副词。Though不与but连用。

Though it was cold,yet he went out without a coat.

2.even though,even if

表示语气更强的让步,常常译为“再退一步说;尽管”。Even though更加强调对“既成事实”的让步,even if更强调对“假设”的让步。

She is going to have problems in finding a job even if she gets her level A.

Even though he’s 24 now,he’s still like a little child.

We’ll make a trip even if/though the weather is bad.

3.as

as表示让步时常用倒装。倒装时若有带冠词的名词,冠词需要省去。as的这种用法与though倒装时的用法完全一致。

Pop star as/though she is,she still needs to improve.

4.whether..or not与whether...or...

Anyway,its a good story whether or not it’s true.

I shall go whether you come with me or stay at home.

5.wh-ever类引导词

在英语中可作疑问词,可引导名词性从句,还可引导让步状语从句。引导让步状语从句时常可换成“no matter+相应的wh-词”,在引导名词性从句时只能用wh-ever.

八.比较状语从句

比较状语从句常用的引导词为as....as(和...一样 ),not as/so...as(....不如....),than,the more...the more...,而且这类从句通常以省略形式出现。

九.方式状语从句

方式状语从句一般位于句尾,有时位于句中。常用连接词为as,as if,as though.

1.as

Leave the children as they are. 让孩子们随便待着,不要管他们。

2.as if,as though

(1)两者引导的方式状语从句所表示的情况是事实或具有很大可能性时,通常用陈述语气,常与look/seem/taste/smell/sound等词连用。

(2)从句所表示的情况不是事实,而是主观的想象或夸大性的比喻,通常用虚拟语气。