【概念引入】

过去完成时的概念：

过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用when, before等引导的从句或通过上下文提示等。

His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the magazine he had long expected.

当他终于收到他盼望已久的杂志时，他兴奋得两眼闪光。

By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.

12岁时，爱迪生就开始自己谋生。

【用法讲解】

1. 过去完成时的构成【高清课堂：过去完成时】

1）过去完成时基本构成形式: had +过去分词。

We had reached the top of the hill before midnight.

在半夜之前我们已登上了山顶。

2）过去完成时的否定形式: had + not + 过去分词。

They hadn’t finished the work when we got there.

我们到那儿时,他们还没有完成工作。

3）过去完成时的一般疑问句及其回答形式:

疑问句要把had提到句首；回答用Yes, 主语+ had. / No, 主语+ hadn’t.

—Had he told you to go there earlier yesterday? 他昨天告诉过你早点儿到那儿吗?

—Yes, he had. (No, he hadn’t.) 是的,他告诉了。(不,他没有。)

注意：had not 常简略为hadn't。

2. 过去完成时的用法

过去完成时的主要用法和现在完成时一样。不同的是，过去完成时把时间推移到了过去某一时间之前，与现在无关。

1）过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作。

Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home.

海伦把钥匙忘到办公室里了，因此她不得不等她丈夫回来。

When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.

当我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。

He told me that he had visited the Great Wall before.他告诉我他以前参观过长城。

When Jack arrived，he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.

杰克到达后得知玛丽离开近一个小时了。

2）表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还可能继续下去的动作，常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。

By the time I left the school, he had taught the class for 3 years.

到我毕业时，他已经教那个班三年了。

He said he had made great progress since he came here.

他说自从他来这里他已经取得了很大进步。

3）放在said，told，asked，thought，wondered等过去时动词的后面，表示在这些动作发生之前已经发生了的事情。

My friend told me that he had passed the exam.

我的朋友告诉我，他已通过了考试。

He asked me whether I had seen the film the night before.

他问我前一天晚上是否看过那部电影。

She wondered who had left the door open.

她想知道谁敞着门的。

【拓展】

1）用在“It was the first/second/third…time that…”句型中。

在此句型中，主句用了一般过去时，that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时。

This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years.

这是三十九年后他们第一次见面。

It was the first time we had spoken together.

这是我们第一次在一起说话。

2）当before , after, as soon as 等引导的从句里的动作与主句的动作紧密衔接时，由于这些连词本身已经说明了两个动作发生的先后关系，因此两个动作均可用一般过去时表示。

We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.

做完早操之后，我们吃早饭。

The train started to move just before we reached the station.

我们到车站时火车刚开动。

As soon as they got there, they started to study.

他们一到那里就开始学习了。


过去完成时

【巩固练习】

I. 单项选择。

1. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests ______ when he ______ at the party.

A. left，had arrived B. left，arrived

C. had left，had arrived D. had left，arrived

2. We ______ four thousand new words by the end of last year.

A. had learned B. have learned C. learned D. will have learned

3. The pen I ______ I ______ is on my desk.

A. think，lost B. thought，had lost

C. think，had lost D. thought，have lost

4. —Did you see Mr. Smith when you were in France？

—No, when I _____France, he ______ toChina.

A. had arrived, had gone B. arrived to, went

C. got to, had gone D. had got to, would go

5. Catherine ______ the letter before her mother came into her bedroom.

A. had written B. was written C. has written D. is writing

6．—I have bought you the books you want．　

—Oh，good，I ＿＿＿ afraid you had forgotten．　

A．was 　　　　　B．am 　　　　　C．had been 　　　　D．have been

7．—Why didn't Tom attend the meeting yesterday？

—He ＿＿＿＿ Beijing．　

A．has gone to 　　　B．had gone to 　 C．went to 　　　D．had　been to

8．The bus had gone when I ＿＿＿＿ at the bus stop．　

A．have arrived 　　 B．arrived 　　　 C．had arrived 　　D．am　arriving　

9. The police found that the house _______and a lot of things_________.

A. has broken into, has been stolen　 B. had been broken into, had been stolen

C. has been broken into, stolen　　　 D. had been broken into, stolen

10. We _________the work by six yesterday evening.

A. finished　 　　　B. would finish　　 C. had finished　 　D. had been finished

【真题链接】

1. By the end of last week, she _______ in the west of China for two months helping the homeless children. (2014上海中考)

A. will stay B. has stayed C. would stay D. had stayed

2. When I got to the cinema, the film________ for 15 minutes. (2015扬州中学教育集团树人学校期末)

A. have begun B. had begun C. has been on D. had been on

3. My parents __________ supper before I got home last night. (2015江苏金湖县塔集中学期期末)

A. had B. have had C. had had

II. 用所给动词的正确形式填空。

1. Mary _____ already _____(try) the dress on before she bought it.

2. I was surprised to find that all my classmates _____(go) to the lab when I _____(get) to the classroom.

3. When she _____ (finish) her work in the office, Mrs. Smith left.

4. Mr. Feng _____ (teach) Lesson 2 by the end of last week.

5. Mr. Smith _____(live) in Europe for fifteen years before he _____(go) toAustralia.

6. By ten yesterday evening, she _______(finish) writing.

7.______you ever_______(read) his new novel?

8. She asked if Mr. Liu _______already________(leave).

9. It ______ (stop) raining when I woke up this morning.

10. When he ______(come) toChinatwo years ago, he found people didn’t understand him at all though he ______(learn )some Chinese in his own country.

III. 根据汉语提示完成下列句子。

1. 到了六点钟为止，他们已经工作了八小时了。

By six o’clock they ____________ (work)for eight hours.

2. 我到广州时，他在那里很长时间了。

When I came to GuangZhou, he _____________(be) there for a long time.

3.到上个月中旬我们在北京住了有五年时间了。

By the middle of last month we ______________(live) in Beijing for five years.

4. 到昨晚上，他已写完那封信。

By yesterday evening he ___________ (write) that letter.

5. 他说他以前见过你。

He said that he ____________(see) you before.

6. 当我进来时，他已做完了作业。

When I came in he ________________(finish) his homework.

7. 他告诉我说他们队已经赢了。

He told me that his team _________ already ___________ (win).

8. 她说她仍没去过长城。

She said that she _______________(not go to) the Great Wall yet.

【答案与解析】

I. 单项选择。

1. D。句意为“汤姆很失望，当他到达宴会时，大部分客人已经走了”。guests先“离开”，Tom后“到达”。

2. A。根据by短语中的last year可知“到去年年末已经完成的动作”。

3. B。句意为“那支我以为已经丢了的钢笔就在我的桌子上”。“丢笔”是在“认为”之前发生的动作。

4. C。when引导的从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，表示“过去的过去”。

5. A。before引导的从句用一般过去时，主句动作表示“过去的过去”，用过去完成时。

6. A。句意为“我担心你已经忘记了”。这里从句用了过去完成时，所以主句要用一般过去时。

7. B。句意表示“汤姆在昨天之前就已经去北京了，但是还没有回来”。

8. B。句意为“当我到车站时，公共汽车已经开走了”。由于主句用了过去完成时，所以when引导的从句要用一般过去时。

9. B。本句考查过去完成时的被动语态。句意为“警察发现房子被非法闯入，许多东西被盗。”

10.C。句意为“截止昨天晚上六点钟，我们已经完成了工作”。

【真题链接】

1. D。句意：到上周末，她已经在中国西部帮助无家可归的儿童两个月了。由题干中的By the end of last week和for two months可知应用过去完成时，had＋过去分词，表示“过去的过去”。故答案为D项。

2. D。句意：当我到达电影院的时候，电影开演15分钟了。电影开演发生在我到达电影院之前，到达电影院是过去的事情，用了一般过去时，那电影开演须用过去完成时，表示“过去的过去”。

3. C。句意：昨晚我到家之前，父母就吃过晚饭了。我到家是过去的事情，父母吃完饭发生在我到家之前，是“过去的过去”，所以用过去完成时，答案为C。

II. 用所给动词的正确形式填空。

1. had; tried 2. had gone; got 3. had finished 4. had taught 5. had lived; went

6. had finished 7. Have; read 8. had; left 9. had stopped 10. came; had learned

III. 根据汉语提示完成下列句子。

1. had worked 2. had been 3. had lived 4. had written 5. had seen

6. had finished 7. had，won 8. hadn’t been to