非谓语动词专讲

非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，但仍保留动词的特点，如可以有自己的宾语和状语。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动词的-ing形式和过去分词。

动词不定式

一、动词不定式的构成

动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，有时to可以省略。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，其否定形式为“not+动词不定式”。

二、动词不定式在句中的作用

1. 作主语。如：

To learn English well is difficult.

提示：动词不定式作主语时，为了保持句子平衡，常用it代替它作形式主语，而将真正的主语——动词不定式后置，上面的例句常写为：It’s difficult to learn English well.

形式主语代替动词不定式的常用句型为：It’s+adj.+(of / for sb.) to do sth.或It’s+n.+(for sb.) to do sth.。如：

It’s very nice of you to offer me a seat.

It’s very dangerous for children to cross the busy street.

It was great fun to have a picnic there.

2. 作表语。如：

His dream is to be a doctor.

3. 作宾语。

常见的只能跟动词不定式作宾语的动词有afford，agree， decide， expect， fail， hope， learn， manage， offer， plan， pretend， refuse， want等。如：

At last the young man agreed to help us.

提示：有的及物动词（如find， think等）跟动词不定式作宾语时，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语——动词不定式后置。如：

I find it hard to get along with him.

4. 作宾语补足语。

1) 常见的跟动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有advise， allow， ask， encourage， help， invite， order，teach， tell， want， warn等。如：

Mr Green told me to send two e-mails.

提示：help跟的宾语补足语既可以是带to的动词不定式，也可以是不带to的动词不定式。如：

Can you help the girl (to) move the chair?

2) 使役动词（如make， let等）及感官动词（如see，listen， feel， hear， watch等）跟的宾语补足语是不带to的动词不定式。如：

These old photos make me think of my childhood.

I saw a young man enter the room.

提示：在被动语态中，要改为带to的动词不定式。如：

She was often heard to sing this song.

5. 作定语。

动词不定式可以作名词的定语；还可在某些句型中作定语，与所修饰的名词是动宾关系。如：

I haven’t had the chance to think yet.（作名词的定语）

I have tons of letters to answer.（answer和letter是动宾关系）

提示：动词不定式作定语修饰名词且为动宾关系时，如果动词为不及物动词，后面要加上相应的介词。如：

Tina has no paper to write on.

6. 作状语。动词不定式作状语往往表示原因、目的、结果等。如：

They were surprised to find that nobody was in the house. (表示原因)

To get a good seat she arrived at the hall early. (表示目的)

The boy is old enough to take care of himself. (表示结果)

三、两点说明

1. had better， would rather， Why not ...?，Will / Would you please ...?后面接不带to的动词不定式。如：

To catch the early bus, you’d better get up early tomorrow morning.

2. 动词不定式可以和疑问词what， which， how，where， when等连用，构成动词不定式的特殊结构。如：

Can you tell me where to buy a map?

动词的-ing形式

一、动词的-ing形式的构成

动词的-ing形式由“动词原形+-ing”构成，其否定形式为“not+动词的-ing形式”。

二、动词的-ing形式在句中的作用

动词的-ing形式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语等。如：

Playing computer games too much is bad for your eyes. （作主语）

Have you finished reading the newspaper? （作宾语）

His hobby is playing table tennis. （作表语）

Mom went out with a shopping basket. （作定语）

The woman kept me waiting for about an hour. （作宾语补足语）

三、 动词的-ing形式作宾语和宾语补足语的五点说明

1. 常见的只能跟动词的-ing形式作宾语的词语或句型有：consider， enjoy， finish， keep， practice， suggest， be busy， can’t help， give up， have fun， What / How about ...?， Would you mind ...?。

2. 有些及物动词（如like， love， hate， begin， start等）既可以跟动词的-ing形式作宾语，也可以跟动词不定式作宾语，且意思上没什么差别。如：

Do you like reading / to read?

3. 有些及物动词（如remember， forget， stop， try等）既可以跟动词的-ing形式作宾语，也可以跟动词不定式作宾语，但意义有别。remember / forget doing sth.意为“记得/忘记曾做过某事”，remember / forget to do sth.意为“记得/忘记要做某事”；stop doing sth. 意为“停止正在做的事情”，stop to do sth.意为“停止（正在做的事）去做另外一件事”。如：

Now stop writing. Listen to me, please.

Now stop to have a rest, please.

4. 许多由介词构成的短语动词跟动词的-ing形式作宾语。如：be afraid of， be good at， be interested in， be used to， feel like， look forward to， pay attention to等。

5. 感官动词既可以跟动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，也可以跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语；前者表示动作在进行，后者表示动作的全过程。如：

I saw them playing soccer when I walked past.

I often see them play soccer in the school.

动词的过去分词

动词的过去分词一般由“动词原形+-ed”构成，但有一部分是不规则的，需要同学们特别记忆。动词的过去分词除了构成完成时态和被动语态的谓语部分，在句中还可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语等。如：

The broken car is not hers.（作定语）

She felt excited at the news.（作表语）

I have my hair cut yesterday.（作宾语补足语）

非谓语动词专练

Ⅰ. 根据句意用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。

1. Do you think it necessary ________(learn) English well?

2. We should plant more trees ________(make) our city greener.

3. If you want to learn English well, you must keep ________ (study) hard.

4. The joke makes him ________(feel) angry.

5. You’d better not ________(throw) the plastic bags here and there.

6. Listen! Can you hear a baby ________(cry)?

7. The doctor advised her ________(take) more exercise every day.

8. Remember ________(hand) in your homework on time tomorrow.

9. Sam enjoys ________(paint) on weekends.

10. ________(swim) is good for our health.

11. Is there a band ________(call) Crazy Feet in your city?

12. When he got home, he found the door ________ (lock).

Ⅱ. 从A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。

( )1. Please let the young man ______ a second time.

A. try B. to try

C. trying D. tried

( )2. It’s a good habit to practice ______ English aloud every morning.

A. to read B. reading

C. read D. reads

( )3. He found it very interesting ______ a horse on the farm.

A. ride B. riden

C. riding D. to ride

( )4. It’s foolish ______ you ______ the young man.

A. for; to believe B. of; to believe

C. for; believing D. of; believing

( )5. —This book is a bit difficult. Why not ______ something easier?

—Good idea!

A. read B. to read

C. reading D. reads

( )6. My parents often tell me ______ too much junk food because it’s bad for my health.

A. not eating B. not to eat

C. eating D. to eat

( )7. Will you please ______ me ______ some washing this evening, Alan?

A. help; do B. help; doing

C. to help; do D. to help; doing

( )8. —Lisa, we’ve decided ______ on a trip this afternoon. Will you join us?

—I’m afraid not. I have a composition ______.

A. going; writing B. to go; writing

C. going; to write D. to go; to write

( )9. —Have you finished ______ the English storybook?

—Not yet. It’s too hard ______.

A. to read; to understand

B. to read; understanding

C. reading; to understand

D. reading; understanding

( )10. The workers are busy ______ in the factory.

A. work B. to work

C. works D. working

答案

Ⅰ. 1. to learn 2. to make 3. studying 4. feel 5. throw 6. crying 7. to take

8. to hand 9. painting 10. Swimming / To swim 11. called 12. locked

Ⅱ. 1-5 ABDBA 6-10 BADCD