Here are 20 simple rules and tips to help you avoid mistakes in English grammar.
20条简单规则帮你避免英语语法错误
1. A sentence starts with a capital letter and ends with a period/full stop, a question mark or an exclamation mark.
每一个句子都由首字母大写开始，由句号、问号、感叹号结束。
【别觉得这条简单，我批学生作文，被犯这个简单错误的人气到了无数次。】
The fat cat sat on the mat.
Where do you live?
My dog is very clever!
2. The order of a basic positive sentence is Subject-Verb-Object. (Negative and question sentences may have a different order.)
最基本的肯定句语序是主谓宾。【否定句和疑问句有其他语序，语言学的研究重点之一，啊哈~】
John loves Mary.
They were driving their car to Bangkok.
3. Every sentence must have a subject and a verb. An object is optional. Note that an imperative sentence may have a verb only, but the subject is understood.
每个句子都必须有一个主语和一个动词。宾语可有可无。注意祈使句可能只有一个动词不含主语，但是主语是默认的。
John teaches.
John teaches English.
Stop! (ie You stop!)
4. The subject and verb must agree in number, that is a singular subject needs a singular verb and a plural subject needs a plural verb.
主谓一致，单数主语配单数动词，复数主语配复数形式动词。
John works in London.
That monk eats once a day.
John and Mary work in London.
Most people eat three meals a day.
5. When two singular subjects are connected by or, use a singular verb. The same is true for either/or and neither/nor.
当or连接两个单数主语，谓语动词单数，either or、neither nor 同理。
John or Mary is coming tonight.
Either coffee or tea is fine.
Neither John nor Mary was late.
6. Adjectives usually come before a noun (except when a verb separates the adjective from the noun).
形容词通常在名词前面，除非动词将它们分离。
I have a big dog.
She married a handsome Italian man.
(Her husband is rich.)
7. When using two or more adjectives together, the usual order is opinion-adjective + fact-adjective + noun. (There are some additional rules for the order of fact adjectives.)
当两个及以上的形容词同时修饰名词时，它们的顺序是 观点类形容词+陈述事实类形容词+名词。
有一些对事实类形容词额外的排列规则【点评：其实形容词的顺序是越接近事物本质，越挨着名词，记住这个原则即可。】
I saw a nice French table.
That was an interesting Shakespearian play.
8. Treat collective nouns (eg committee, company, board of directors) as singular OR plural. In BrE a collective noun is usually treated as plural, needing a plural verb and pronoun. In AmE a collective noun is often treated as singular, needing a singular verb and pronoun.
在英式英语中，集合名词被作为复数名词；在美式英语中，集合名词被作为单数形容词。
The committee are having sandwiches for lunch. Then they will go to London. (typically BrE)
The BBC have changed their logo. (typically BrE)
My family likes going to the zoo. (typically AmE)
CNN has changed its logo. (typically AmE)
9. The words its and it's are two different words with different meanings.
its 和it's是不一样的单词。【这个大约是针对拉美裔学生总结的。】
The dog has hurt its leg.
He says it's two o'clock.
10. The words your and you're are two different words with different meanings.
your 和you're 也是两个不一样的单词。
Here is your coffee.
You're looking good.
11. The words there, their and they're are three different words with different meanings.
there their they're也是不一样的单词。【常见于听力错误】
There was nobody at the party.
I saw their new car.
Do you think they're happy?
12. The contraction he's can mean he is OR he has. Similarly, she's can mean she is OR she has, and it's can mean it is OR it has, and John's can mean John is OR John has.
'S的缩写可能是 is 可能是has 缩来的.
He is working
He has finished.
She is here.
She has left.
John is married.
John has divorced his wife.
13. The contraction he'd can mean he had OR he would. Similarly, they'dcan mean they had OR they would.
‘d 可能是would 可能是had 缩来的。
He had eaten when I arrived.
He would eat more if possible.
They had already finished.
They would come if they could.
14. Spell a proper noun with an initial capital letter. A proper noun is a "name" of something, for example Josef, Mary, Russia, China, British Broadcasting Corporation, English.
专有名词首字母大写。
We have written to Mary.
Is China in Asia?
Do you speak English?
15. Spell proper adjectives with an initial capital letter. Proper adjectives are made from proper nouns, for example Germany → German, Orwell → Orwellian, Machiavelli → Machiavellian.
专有形容词首字母大写。
London is an English town.
Who is the Canadian prime minister?
Which is your favourite Shakespearian play?
16. Use the indefinite article a/an for countable nouns in general. Use the definite article the for specific countable nouns and all uncountable nouns.
不定冠词通常用来修饰可数名词。定冠词修饰特指和所有不可数名词。
I saw a bird and a balloon in the sky. The bird was blue and the balloonwas yellow.
He always saves some of the money that he earns.
17. Use the indefinite article a with words beginning with a consonant sound. Use the indefinite article an with words beginning with a vowel sound.
不定冠词a 后面接 首音素为辅音的单词，不定冠词an后接首音素为元音的单词。
a cat, a game of golf, a human endeavour, a Frenchman, a university (you-ni-ver-si-ty)
an apple, an easy job, an interesting story, an old man, an umbella, an honorable man (on-o-ra-ble)
18. Use many or few with countable nouns. Use much/a lot or little for uncountable nouns. many 和few 接可数名词。much / a lot/little 接不可数名词。
How many dollars do you have?
How much money do you have?
There are a few cars outside.
There is little traffic on the roads.
19. To show possession (who is the owner of something) use an apostrophe + s for singular owners, and s + apostrophe for plural owners.
表达单数所有者所有用’s ，表示复述所有者用s' 【点评：其实就是所有格】
The boy's dog. (one boy)
The boys' dog. (two or more boys)
20. In general, use the active voice (Cats eat fish) in preference to the passive voice (Fish are eaten by cats).
通常偏好主动语气而非被动语态。【啊，这个嘛，说来话长了】
We use active in preference to passive.
Active is used in preference to passive.
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