教材中不会讲的高考熟词生义——名词动词化

网络上出现了一个流行语——“盘他”。这个词出自孟鹤堂和周九良的相声《文玩》中的一句台词 “干巴巴的，麻麻赖赖的，一点都不圆润，盘他。”

“盘”，我们都知道是一种器皿，而在这里“盘”用作动词。

这种由名词转化为动词的语言现象叫作名词动词化。名词动词化后，常常表示具有该名词的活动特点或性质特征的动作。

语言是相通的，汉语里有名词动化现象，英语里也同样存在，而且很常见！语言学家Steven Pinker 说“Easy conversion of nouns to verbs has been part of English grammar for centuries,” “it is one of the processes that makes English English.”

实际上，英语中的名词动化起源于盎格鲁-撒克逊时代。古英语中的“love” “rain”“thunder”等名词就可转为动词使用。随着语言的发展，大部分名词的动词用法其实已经固定下来，成为这个词的一部分了。当然，也会不断有新词汇被创造出来，比如我们熟知的“google”，其动词用法“通过google来搜索信息”已经收录在《韦氏词典》和《牛津英语词典》中。

高考中名词动化现象也是非常多的：

I quickly lower myself, duckingmy head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel challenged. (2018 全国III卷语法填空)

If I could locate the nest, I might have been able to put it back, but no luck. My next work was to construct a nest and anchorit in a tree. (2017年全国I卷阅读理解B篇)

Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weightingthe sheet’s center down with a rock. (2017年全国I卷阅读理解D篇)

这些名词的动词释义往往教材没有收录，而高考却经常出现这样的生义。怎么破？

小编总结了最常见的一些名词动化分类，以帮助大家更好理解名词动化，应对高考。

发生动词化现象的名词主要有以下几类：

1. 表示自然现象的名词

如weather, rain, flood, thunder, wind, cloud, fog, wave, storm, shower, dust, frost等。

例：Adults understand what it feels like to be floodedwith objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings? (2018 全国III卷)

flood名词意思是“洪水”，转化为动词，表示“使淹没；使泛滥”，引申义可指任何事物“如洪水般涌来”，所以这里flood是“堆满；充满”的意思。

2. 表示身体部位的名词

如back, eye, face, skin, brain, hand, arm, nose, shoulder, mouth, elbow, finger, foot, heel, thumb, cheek, knee等。

例：The college years are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today’s students are not shoulderedwith adult responsibilities. (2016 北京改)

shoulder名词意思是“肩膀”，转化为动词，表示“用肩膀扛……”，“用肩膀扛起责任”，即为“承担”。

3. 表示身份、职务、称号的名词

如baby, mother, father, author, husband, parent, boss, coach, volunteer, pioneer, spy, guest, title等。

例：Since graduation, I have authorednationally published children’s books and over 300 stories and articles. (2009 北京)

author名词意思是“作者”，转化为动词，表示“写作；创作”。

4. 表示场所的名词

如corner, house, room, market, shelter, school, bank, farm, park, tower, station, garden等。

例：These cottages once housedearly settlers as they worked the dry Montana soil; now they hold Twitter engineers. (2014 浙江)

house名词意思是“房屋”，转化为动词，表示“给……提供住处”。

5. 表示工具类的名词

交通工具如bus, bike, bicycle, train, wheel, subway, truck, ship等；其它工具如brush, knife, fork, saw, hammer, nail, pin, drill, file等。

例：Ms. Mabel Yates, the English teacher for over fifty years, was wheeledto the Park. Some eyes rolled and there were a few low groans (嘟囔声) when Ms. Yates was about to speak. (2012 天津)

wheel名词意思是“轮子”，转化为动词，表示“用轮椅推”。 

例：There’s a note pinnedto the door saying when the shop will open again. (2014 山东)

pin名词意思是“别针；大头针”，转化为动词，表示“(用别针) 别住；固定住”。

6. 表示动物名称的名词

如fox, parrot, monkey, horse, dog, pig, wolf, fish, snake, duck, worm, bug, chicken等。

例：The students parrotedthe teacher’s words.

parrot名词意思是“鹦鹉”，转化为动词，表示“鹦鹉学舌般地重复；机械地重复”。

7. 表示物品（实物）的名词

如pocket, coat, cash, flower, water, cup, blanket, bed等。

例：She held the bird gently in cuppedhands.

cup名词意思是“杯子”，转化为动词，表示“使手窝成杯状”。

8. 某些抽象名词

如time, anger, hunger, power, pressure, silence等

例：With each day, increase the distance by a half mile. After two weeks, starttimingyourself. (2015 全国)

time名词意思是“时间”，转化为动词，表示“计时”。

9. 网络科技类词汇

如email, text, message, bookmark, fax, inbox, friend, blog, skype, youtube, ebay, facebook, tweet等。

例：Kids seem to be texting non-stop these days.

text名词意思是“文本；短信”，转化为动词，表示“发短信”。