倒装
倒装用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。倒装句可分为完全倒装和部分倒装。
完全倒装
完全倒装是将句子中的谓语动词全部放在主语之前。常用于以下情况:
1. now, then, here, there, out, in, away等副词位于句首时。例如:
Here is the book you want.
2. 表示地点的介词短语位于句首时。例如:
In front of the door stands a fierce dog.
【注意】在here, there等开头的句子中,主语为代词时不需倒装。例如:
Here you are.
部分倒装
部分倒装是将谓语的一部分(如助动词、情态动词等)放在主语之前。常用于以下情况:
1. “only + 副词、介词短语或状语从句等”位于句首时。例如:
Only by working hard can you succeed.
2. never, seldom, little, hardly, nor, neither等含有否定意义的词位于句首时。例如:
Never before have I seen such a bright moon.
3. not until, not only, no sooner等位于句首时。例如:
Not until Mrs Tian told me the news did I know that Mr Li had left our company.
【注意】
◆ not until位于句首引出的主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。例如:
Not until his sister came back did Jones leave the hospital.
◆hardly (… when …) 或no sooner (…than …)位于句首时,主句倒装,从句不倒装。例如:
Hardly had I closed the door when I realized that I had left the key at home.
◆ not only … but also …连接两个分句,且not only位于句首时,not only后面的分句倒装,but also后面的分句不倒装。例如:
Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also he was a writer.
4. 让步状语从句中,状语、表语等成分位于连词as或though之前时。例如:
Clever as my brother is, he doesn’t study hard.
【注意】
若位于as或though前的表语是名词,则名词前不加冠词。例如:
Child as Tony is, he has been to many places.
5. so ... that ...和such ... that ...结构中的so和such位于句首时。例如:
So fast did Jim run that no one could catch up with him.
6. 表示前面所说的情况也适合后者,肯定句用“so + 助动词 / be动词 / 情态动词 + 后者”,否定句用“neither / nor + 助动词 / be动词 / 情态动词 + 后者”。例如:
a. Li Hua has been to the Great Wall. So have I.
b. Lucy doesn’t like to eat meat; neither do I.
【注意】so位于句首,表示赞同对方的观点或看法,意为“……的确如此”时,不需用倒装。例如:
— I think Tony is a clever boy.
— So he is.
7. 以were, had, should等词开头的虚拟条件句中(即省略if的虚拟条件句)。例如:
Had I known the news, I would have told you.
省略
英语中有时为了避免重复,使语言简练紧凑,在不损害句子结构的前提下,往往省去一个或多个句子成分,这种语法现象称为省略。
简单句中的省略
1. 简单句中的省略,在口语中最为常用,可省略主语、谓语、主语和谓语的一部分、宾语等。例如:
a. (It) Sounds like a good idea.
b. (Is there) Anything else?
2. 并列句或并列结构中同等句子成分的省略
在并列句或并列结构中,如果前后两部分有同等句子成分,为避免重复,同等句子成分可以在一处省略。例如:
a. Mary is tall and (she is) beautiful.
b. I can’t decide whether to go to the library or not (to go to the library).
状语从句中的省略
1. 在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中,若从句的主语和主句的主语相同且从句中的谓语动词含有be动词,可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。例如:
Unless (I am) invited, I will not go to your birthday party.
2. 在if it is possible, when it is necessary等类似结构中,it is常可省略。例如:
If (it is) possible, Lisa will do a part-time job.
定语从句中的省略
当关系代词that,which等在限制性定语从句中充当宾语且不位于介词之后时,关系代词可以省略;in which或that在先行词way后时可省略。例如:
a. Is the book (that / which) you’re reading interesting?
b. This is the way (in which / that) your parents love you.
不定式符号to的省略
1. 在感官动词(see, hear, feel等)和使役动词(have, make, let等)后作宾语补足语时,不定式符号to需省略。例如:
I saw the boy swim across the river.
【注意】在被动语态中,不定式符号to不能省略。例如:
The boy was seen to swim across the river.
2. do nothing but, can’t help but等结构后常接省略to的不定式。例如:
When Tina was sad, I did nothing but stay with her.
so和not的替代性省略
为避免重复,可用so替代肯定句中的单词、词组或句子。not替代否定句中的单词、词组或句子。so / not 常与think, hope, expect, suppose, believe, guess等动词连用。例如:
— Will it rain tomorrow?
— I hope not.
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