高考英语虚拟语气专项讲解及练习
概述： 语气的定义和种类
l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
2、语气的种类：
(1)陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好。What a fine day it is! 多好的天气啊!
(2)祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如: Open the door, please。请打开门。
(3)虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就学英语了。May you succeed! 祝您成功！
一、虚拟语气
虚拟语气用于表示所说的话与现在的事实相反，或与过去的事实相反，或与将来的事实相反。表示说话人的主观愿望、猜想、建议或与事实不符的假设等，也可以表示可能性较小或不可能发生的情况。
虚拟语气一般用于正式的书面语中。多用于复合句中。
虚拟语气是由谓语动词的特殊形式表达出来的。
w If they invite me this evening, I shall go with them. （陈述语气，说话人认为被邀请的可能性很大）
w If they invited me this evening, I should go with them. （虚拟语气，说话人认为被邀请的可能性小或者根本不可能）
二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法
条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。
如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。
w If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。
如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。
w If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。)
所述情况
If-条件从 句
主 句
与现在事实相反
If+主语＋动词过去式（be动词用were）
主语＋would/could/might/should+动词原形
与过去事实相反
If＋主语＋had done
主语＋would/could/might/should +have done
与将来事实相反
1.If+主语＋动词过去式
2. If+主语＋were to do
3. If+主语＋should do
主语＋would/could/might/should/+动词原形
在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，条件从句与主句的谓语动词的形式为：
★★主句中的should只用于I, we，美语中的should常被would代替。从句中的should可用于各种人称。Might表示“可能”，可用于主句中的各种人称。
1. 表示与现在事实相反或不可能发生：
条件状语从句：一般过去时（虚拟语气中be→were）
主句用：would(should, could, might)+动词原形。
w If I were you, I should/would go at once. 如果我是你，我立刻就走。
w If we had time now, we would read it again.
w If I were you, I would work hard.
补充：If it were not for sth.… 意为“如果没有…”，表示同现在的事实相反的假设。
w If it were not for the rain, the crops would die. 如果没有下雨，庄稼就会死的。
w If it were not for peace, we could not be living a happy life today.
2. 表示与过去事实相反或不可能发生：
条件状语从句：had+过去分词；
主句：would(should, could, might)+have+过去分词。
w If he had taken my advice, he wouldn’t/couldn’t have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做，你就不会考试不及格。
w If I had known your telephone number then, I would have called you.
补充：If it had not been for sth.… 意为“如果当时没有…”，表示同过去事实相反的假设。
w If it had not been for your help, I would have failed. 如果当时没有你的帮助，我会失败的。
w If it had not been for your timely help, I would have gone bankrupt.
3. 表示与将来的事实可能相反或不可能发生：
条件状语从句：①一般过去时；②should +动词原形；③were to+动词原形；
主句：would(should, could, might)+动词原形。
w If I saw him tomorrow, I would pass your note to him. 如果我明天见到他，就把你的便条给他。
w If it should rain, the crops would be saved.
w If it were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out.
4. 混合/错综型虚拟语气-主句的动作和从句的动作发生的时间不一致的情况
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，称为‘错综条件句’，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。
If you had followed my advice, you would be better now. (从句说的是过去，主句是现在)
If I were not busy, I would have come. 如果我不忙，我就会来了。 (从句是现在，主句是过去)
5. 虚拟条件句的特殊情况
(1). 省略if的虚拟语气
如果从句中含有were/ should/ had时，则可以把这三个词置于句首，省略if.采用倒装语序。
If it should happen, what would you do? →Should it happen, what would you do?
If he had recognized me, he would have come over. →Had he recognized me, he would have come over
巩固练习：
1. _____C_____ your address，I would have written to you.
A. Did I know B. Were I to know C. Had I known D. If I should know
2. Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she ____D____ something she would regret later.
A. had said B. said C. might say D. might have said
3. If we _____A_____ 200 years old，we __________ everything.
A. were to be，could change B. had been，changed
C. were，would have changed D. should be，changed
4. Maybe if I _______ science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.
A. studied B. would study C. had studied D. was studying
5. ______ me what you wanted to know, I should not have wasted my time talking so much with you.
A. Had you told B. You have told C. You had told D. Have you told
6. _______ this afternoon, you would have to come again next week.
A. The boss didn’t return B. The boss were not to return
C. Were the boss not to return D. Didn’t the boss return
7. Grace doesn’t want to move to New York because she thinks if she ______ there, she wouldn’t be able to see her parents very often.
A. lives B. would live C. having lived D. were to live
8. We _____ back in the hotel now if you didn’t lose the map.
A. are B. were C. will be D. would be
9. If we ______ a table earlier, we couldn’t be standing here in a queue.
A. have booked B. booked C. book D. had booked
10. Were I to do it, I ________ it some other way.
A. will do B. would do C. would have done D. were to do
11. Jane would never have gone to the party ________ that Mary would come to see her.
A. has she known B. had she known C. if she know D. if she has known
12. If you had enough money, what ________?
A. will you buy B. would you buy C. would you have bought D. will you have bought
三、 虚拟语气用在名词性从句中
1. 在主语从句中的用法
主句
主语从句的谓语动词
用法
It is important / strange /natural/
necessary / wonderful that
should +动词原形
表示现在的情况
should +have + 过去分词
表示过去的情况
① 常见的这类形容词有：advisable, anxious, better, desirable, surprising, natural, necessary, strange, important, regretful.
w It is necessary that you should clean the workshop after work. 下班后，你必须清扫车间。
w It is strange (surprising, disappointing) that she (should) have left without saying good-bye. 她不辞而别，真让人奇怪。
② 常见的这类过去分词有：decided, demanded, recommended, requested, desired, required, ordered, suggested, planned
w It was suggested that he（should）join the club activities.
③ 常见的这类名词有：duty, pity, no surprise, no wonder, regret, shame, desire；表示惊讶、怀疑、不满等。
w It is a pity that he (should) refuse to accept the offer.
w It is a simple desire of all the peace-loving people that there (should) be no war in the worls.
巩固练习：
1. —Don’t you think it necessary that he ___B_____ to Miami but to New York?
— I agree, but the problem is ________ he has refused to.
A. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; that
C. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what
2. It is quite natural that my coming late again ________ them very angry.
A. had made B. would make C. makes D. make
3. I am sorry that he ________ in such poor health.
A. are B. shall be C. were D. should be
4. It is important that we ________.
A. shall close the window before we leave B. will close the window before we leave
C. must close the window before we leave D. close the window before we leave
2. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
Œ 当表示与事实相反的愿望时，动词wish 后所跟宾语从句谓语动词用虚拟语气（意为“要是，但愿…就好了”），其形式主要有三种：
时态
谓语动词形式
与现实相反的愿望
动词过去式（be用were/was）
与过去事实相反的愿望
had + 过去分词
与将来事实可能相反的愿望
should/would + 过去分词
w I wish I knew the question to this answer （与现在事实相反）
w She wished she had stayed at home. （与过去事实相反）
w I wish it would be fine tomorrow. （与将来可能相反）
巩固练习：
1. I wish you ____B______ him my telephone number，but you did.
A. didn’t give B. hadn’t given C. wouldn’t give D. shouldn’t give
2. —Where are the children? The dinner’s going to be completely ruined.
— I wish they ___A_____ always late.
A. weren’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t be D. wouldn’t have been
3. We wish we ____ what you did when we were at high school.
A. did B. could have done C. have done D. should do
4. Tom is very short now. His mother wishes that he ________ be tall when he grows up.
A. could B. should C. would D. were able to
在表示建议，命令，要求、愿望等动词后的从句要用 “(should)+动词原形”。
此类动词有：(1)坚持：insist（坚持要求）；(2)命令：order, command；(3)建议：suggest, advise, propose, recommend；(4)要求： demand, require, ask, request
w We suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next week. 我们建议会议推迟到下周。
w The teacher ordered that all the books (should) be handed in on time.
补充：当suggest表示‘暗示，说明’之意；insist表示‘坚持认为，坚持说’之意时，从句不用虚拟，用正常的陈述语气。
w He insisted that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。（“看信”已成为事实，故用陈述语气）
w He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信。（“看信”尚未成为事实，故用虚拟语气）
w She suggested that we (should) leave early. （虚拟语气）
w The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with life.
3. 表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在表示建议，命令，要求，提议，愿望的名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词要用“（should）+动词原形”。常见名词有：order, advice, plan, idea, proposal, suggestion, requirement, request, demand, preference, desire, hope, decision等。
They received an order that they start off at once. 他们接到命令要立即出发。
His proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.
My suggestion is that he (should) be sent there.
巩固练习：
1. Teachers recommend parents _____ their children under 12 to ride bikes to school for safety.
A. not allow B.do not allow C. mustn’t allow D. couldn’t allow
2. The man in prison insisted that he ___A___ nothing wrong and _________set free.
A. had done, should be B. should do, should be
C. had done, had been D. should do, had been
分析：insist后的从句谓语是否用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气，要看该谓语动词所表示的含义。一般说来，若该谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气；若该谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，则要用陈述语气。对上题而言，坐牢的这个人坚持了两点：一是没做错事，二是应该释放。很显然，在坐牢这个人看来，“没做错事”应该是事实，故用陈述语气；“被释放”还不是事实（因为他还在坐牢），故用虚拟语气。所以此题的最佳答案应为A。
3. The patient insisted that he ___B______ ill and _________ to the hospital.
A. wasn’t, wasn’t sent B. wasn’t, shouldn’t be sent
C. shouldn’t be, wasn’t sent D. shouldn’t be, shouldn’t be sent
4. My sister advised me that I ________ accept the invitation.
A. could B. must C. should D. might
5. He asks that he ________ an opportunity to explain why he's refused to go there.
A. is given B. must give C. should give D. be given
7. I insisted that he ________ at once.
A. be gone B. go C. would go D. might go
8. Li Ming insisted that he ________ anything at all.
A. hadn ' t stolen B. shouldn ' t steal C. doesn ' t steal D. steal
9. Our monitor requested that ________.
A. all the class studied more carefully the problem
B. the problem was more carefully studied
C. with great care the problem could be studied
D. all the class study the problem more carefully
四、虚拟语气在状语从句中的使用
1.在as if/ as though引导的方式或比较状语从句中，若从句与事实相反，则要用虚拟语气。其形式如下：
如果从句表示与现在事实相反
主句的谓语动词用一般过去时
如果从句表示与过去事实相反
主句的谓语动词用 had + 过去分词
如果从句表示与将来事实相反
主句的谓语动词用 would/might/could + 动词原形
w He talks as if he knew all about it.
w She speaks English well as if he had studied in America.
w He learns English so hard as if he would go abroad.
★补充：如果表示的事情可能发生，方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。
w It looks as if it is going to rain. 天看起来要下雨了。
2. 由even if / even though引导的让步状语从句中：主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。
w Even if were here, I should say the same thing. 即使他在这儿，他也要这么说。
w Even though he had been ill, he would have gone to his office. 即使生病了，他也要去办公室。
3. 在so that, in order that, for fear that（以免）, in case, unless（除非）引导的从句中，谓语常用would/might/could + 动词原形
w I hired a boat so that I could go fishing. 我租了一条小船以便去钓鱼。
w The man saved as much as he could in order that he might buy a car of his own. 为了买一辆自己的小汽车，那男士尽可能地节约钱。
w They left early for fear (that) they would meet him. 他们动身很早以免和他碰面。
w He hid it lest she (should) see it.
w He came ten minutes earlier in order that /so that he might get a good seat.
w The game will be put off in case it (should) snow.
巩固练习：
1. It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I _____ it?
A. had done B. have done C. did D. am doing
2. He acted as if he ________ everything in the world.
A. knew B. knows C. has known D. won't know
3. Read it aloud so that I ________ you clearly.
A. may hear B. will hear C. hear D. have heard
4. They got up early in order that they ________ they first train.
A. caught B. will catch C. might catch D. shall catch
5. He ________ you more help, even though he was very busy.
A. might have given B. might give C. may have given D. may give
五、虚拟语气其他用法
1. would rather和would prefer后接动词原形，但接从句时要用虚拟语气（宁愿，但愿）。
would rather +主语+一般过去时（表示与现在或将来相反）
would rather +主语+过去完成时（表示与过去相反）
w I’d rather he didn’t go now.
w I’d rather you hadn’t done it.
2. if only(但愿,要是…就好了)后接从句也用虚拟语气，其形式与wish的用法一致。
w If only I were as clever as you！要是我像你一样聪明该多好啊！
3. 在without, with, but for(要是没有), otherwise, or, but后
有时候假设的情况不以if引导的条件从句形式表现出来，而是通过一个介词短语，连词或其他形式表示。常用的词或短语有：without, with, but for(要是没有), otherwise, or, but等。
w Without your help (=If we had not had your help), we could not have succeeded.
w But for electricity (=If there were no electricity, there would be no modern industry.
w He felt very tired yesterday, or/ otherwise he would have attended the party.
巩固练习：
1. We _____ the difficulty together, but why didn’t you tell me?
A. should face B. might face C. could have faced D. must have faced
2. The little girl is too thin. She ______ gain some weight if she ate more, but she _______ too little.
A. would; ate B. will; eats C. will; ate D. would; eat
3. — How was your trip to Yancheng last week?
— Wonderful! I only felt sorry that I _____ the nature reserve of red-crowned crane, but the weather was awful.
A. could visit B. could have visited C. might visit D. might have visited
4. I _____ through the bitter period without your generous help.
A. couldn’t have gone B. didn’t go C. wouldn’t go D. hadn’t gone
5. We would rather our daughter _____ at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.
A. would stay B. has stayed C. stayed D. stay
6. Without your help, we________ so much.
A. won ' t achieve B. didn ' t achieve C. don't achieve D. wouldn't have achieved
7. I’d rather that you ________ home.
A. went B. have gone C. will go D. had gone
8. If only I _________ to the lecture!
A. listen B. will listen C. am listening D. had listened
9. I didn't know his telephone number, otherwise I ______ him.
A. had telephoned B. would telephone C. would have telephoned D. telephone
4. 用"may + 动词原形"表示"祝愿"、"但愿"，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。
w May you be happy! 祝你快乐！
w May all your dreams come true！ 愿你梦想成真！
5. 动词hope, intend, mean, plan, want, think等词用过去完成的形式，表示的意思为‘本想，本打算，本认为’
w He had meant to buy the furniture last week, but it rained.（他上周本打算去买那件家具，但却下雨了）
w I had thought he had been dead for at least 20 years.
w I had hoped that she would go to the USA and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.
6. 在it is (high) time that …句型中也用虚拟语气，从句常用过去式，有时也用should +动词原形，should不可省略，表示早该做而没做的事，含建议的意味。
w It is high time that we did our homework. 我们该做作业了。
w It is time that we went home.
w I think it’s high time that she made up her mind. 我想她该拿定主意了。
补充：此句型中，注意与“It/This is the +序数词+time that+现在完成式”的区别。
w This is the first time that I have been here.
综合练习
1. Mr. Li required the computer equipment referred ________ used in every classroom.
A. should be B. have to be C. to be D. to being
2. —Yang Liwei has won great honour for our country.
—Who is Yang Liwei?
—What a question! It is surprising ________ the first spaceman in China.
A. you didn’t know our national hero B. to you not to know him
C. you should know nothing about D. you knew nothing about him
3. —What courses are you going to do next term?
—I don’t know. But it’s about time ________ on something.
A. I’d decide B. I decided C. I decide D. I’m deciding
4. One of the requirements for the fire is that the material ________ to its burning temperature.
A. is heated B. will be heated C. would be heater D. be heated
5. Robert wishes that he ________ business instead of history when he was in university.
A. studies B. studied C. has studied D. had studied
6. My demand is that the information referred to in my report ________ to Mr. Brown without delay.
A. to be e-mailed B. e-mailed C. be e-mailed D. being e-mailed
7. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he ________ to the meeting.
A. would come B. came C. would have come D. had come
8. Without electricity human life ________ quite different today.
A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be
9. If he had not gone out in the storm, he ________ alive now.
A will be B. would be C. would have been D. is
10. If only I ________ how to operate an electronic computer as you do.
A. had known B. would know C. should know D. knew
11. But for the party, he ________ of hunger fifteen years ago.
A. would have died B. would die C. must have died D. must die
12. I would have come earlier, but I ________ that you were waiting for me.
A. didn’t know B. hadn’t known C. would have known D. haven’t known
13. The teacher agreed to the suggestion that the students ________ two weeks to prepare for the exam.
A. give B. should give C. be given D. would be given
14. Wang Ling, one of my friends, is very good at English. He speaks English as if he ________ an Englishman.
A. were B. would be C. have been D. had been
15. We ________ our lives had it not been for the policeman.
A. would have lost B. should lose C. might lose D. had lost
16. _______ more careful, his ship would not have sunk.
A. If the captain were B. Had the captain been
C. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been
17. Were it not for the snowy weather, we ________ all right.
A. would be B. would have been C. were D. may be
18. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ________ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.
A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall
19. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ________ a goal.
A. had scored B. scored C. would score D. would have scored
20. How I wish every family ________ a large house with a beautiful garden!
A. has B. had C. will have D. had had
参考答案及解析
1. C. 因为在表示“要求”的require, request, ask, demand等动词后的宾语从句的谓语要用“(should+)动词原形”，句中referred to是过去分词短语，作the computer equipment的定语，所以选C(from www.hxen.com)。
2. C. 因为在it is surprising后的that从句中，谓语要用“should +动词原形”，其中should含“竟然”之意，不可省略。
3. B. 因为It’s (high /about) time后面的从句的谓语动词通常用过去时态。
4. D. 因为requirement后的表语从句的谓语要用“(should +)动词原形”；material(材料)与heat(加热)是被动关系，用被动语态，所以是be heated。
5. D. 因为wish后的宾语从句中的谓语动词要用过去式，此题的study business是与过去事实相反的情况，所以用had studied business(from www.hxen.com)。
6. C. 因为主语是demand时，其后的表语从句的谓语要用“(should +)动词原形”。
7. C. 因为句中otherwise (否则)表示与过去事实相反的情况，所以用would have done。
8. D. 因为介词短语without…表示与现在事实相反的情况，所以用would be。
9. B. 由had not gone可知，条件句是与过去事实相反的情况，而now提示我们，主句是与现在事实相反的情况，所以用would be。
10. D. 因为if only (要是…就要了) 其后的句子要用过去式表示虚拟语气，由as you do可知，是与现在事实相反，所以选knew。
11. A. 因为but for (要不是因为、如果没有) 通常要与虚拟语气连用，由fifteen years ago可知，这是与过去事实相反的情况，所以选would have died(from www.hxen.com)。
12. A. 因为would come earlier是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，而后面分句表示的是事实：当时我的确不知道…所以用一般过去时，选A。
13. C. 因为that从句是suggestion的同位语，应当用“(should+) 动词原形”表示虚拟语气，又因the students与give是被动关系，所以选be given。
14. A. 因为Wang Ling是中国人的名字，显然不是英国人，所以as if从句的谓语要用与现在事实相反的情况，所以用were。
15. A. 因为had it not been for the policeman = if it had not been for the policeman (如果没有警察) ，显然是与过去事实相反的情况，主句中的谓语应是would have lost。
16. B. 因为由主句谓语可判断，表示的是与过去事实相反的情况，所以虚拟条件句中的谓语应用过去完成时，Had the captain been = If the captain had been。
17. A. 由于从句谓语为一般过去时，表示的是对现在的虚拟，故主句谓语用过去将来时，表示。Were it not for the snowy weather=If it were not for the snowy weather.
18. B。这是个错综时间虚拟条件句：主句与现在事实相反，条件句与过去事实相反。句意为“如果我不是在七岁时就迷上了Melinda Cox 图书馆，我真不能想象我如今会在做什么”。
19. D。本题考查目标与1996上海同。由otherwise和hesitated可知，这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，谓语动词用 would+ have+ 过去分词构成(from www.hxen.com)。
20. B。wish 后面宾语从句的谓语总是用过去时态。此题是表示与现在事实相反的愿望
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