考点02 名词

高考频度:★★★★☆

【命题解读】

名词是中学英语的主要词汇之一,也是历年高考的重要考点。研究近年的高考题我们不难看出,名词部分主要考查名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配、名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)、名词的所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。在高考试题中,名词常结合其他项目一起考查,考查题型以短文改错、完形填空、语法填空为主。

【命题预测】

预计2019年的高考名词在完形填空、短文改错及语法填空中仍会占有重要地位。

【复习建议】

在学习过程中,要掌握常用名词的基本用法,注意一词多义和旧词新义。另外要多归纳总结,做题时要结合语境。

考向一 可数名词的复数

(1)规则变化


一般情况 加-s students,teachers,doc tors,tables

以s,x,ch,sh结尾 加-es glasses,dishes,boxes,watches但stomach复数形式直接加s,即stomachs

以辅音字母+y结尾 变y为i再加-es families,babies,armies,bodies

以元音字母+y结尾 加-s boys,toys,pianos,photos

以f或fe结尾 大都变f或fe为v,再加-es thieves,wives,knives,shelves,lives

少数加-s beliefs,proofs,roofs,chiefs

以o结尾 通常加-s radios,videos,zoos,tobaccos

有的加-es

heroes,potatoes,tomatoes

注意:①以-o结尾的下列名词要加-es,它们是"黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿",即Negroes,heroes,echoes,potatoes,tomatoes。

但下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es,也可以加-s,它们是:zeros(zeroes)零,mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子,volcanos(volcanoes)火山。

②以-f或-fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉,加-ves,它们是"为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成两半",即selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves。

但下列以-f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加-ves,也可以直接加-s,如:handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) 手帕。

③名词前有man或woman修饰,变复数时,作定语的man 或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如:woman doctor→women doctors

(2)不规则变化

①常见单复数同形的名词

Chinese 中国人;sheep 绵羊;deer鹿;series 系列;means 方式;works 工厂;fish 鱼;fruit 水果等。其中fish,fruit表示种类时,可加复数词尾,即fishes,fruits。

②自身有特殊变化的名词

child孩子→children man男人→men tooth牙→teeth foot脚,英尺→feet mouse老鼠→mice phenomenon现象→phenomena medium传播媒介→media

1.(2018·全国新课标卷I·语法填空)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause).

【答案】causes

2.(2018·全国新课标卷I·短文改错)Last winter when I went here(改为there) again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.

【答案】chicken改为chickens

【解析】考查名词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅,还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的dozens of可知,其后用名词复数形式。

3. (2017·全国新课标卷I·语法填空)This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.

【答案】effects

4.(2016·全国新课标卷I·语法填空)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia’s biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top 61 (attract)... The nursery team switches him every few 69 (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, 70(the) other is with mum — she never suspects.

61.【答案】attraction

【解析】考查名词。 形容词top后面跟名词形式。

69.【答案】days

【解析】考查名词复数。few修饰复数名词。

考向二 不可数名词具体化

(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词:advice建议, furniture家具, fun乐趣;information信息,news新闻, weather天气, progress进步,wealth财富,value价值等。

高考英语考点一遍过——名词